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1565a Female conjoined twins bom at Stony Stratford, Northamptonshire/®^ Cephalothoracopagus janiceps asymmetros.

103

1565b Bom at Heme in Kent. Conjoined twins of unspecified type.

1565c Bom at Schmitz, 16th May 1565, a female infant with no head, the mouth on the left

shoulder and an ear on the right shoulder.104

1566a Bom at Swanbume, Buckinghamshire, 4th April 1566; conjoined twins, one male, one female. They lived for half an hour and were baptised. The stylised illustration shows them as young children embracing one another, clearly of opposite sexes.Thoracopagus.

1566b Bom at Micheham, Surrey, a child with: ‘fleshy skin behinde like unto a neckerchef growing from the veines of the back up unto the neck, as it were with many mffes set one after another, and beeing as it were something gathered, eveiy mf about an inch brode, having here growing on the edges of the same, and so with mffes coming over the shoulders and covering some part of the armes, proceding up unto the nape of the neck behinde, and

almoste round about the neck, like a many womens gownes be... The illustration does not

resemble skin shppage occurring owing to maceration. It may possibly be an example of gyrate skin, a congenital anomaly typically involving the vertex of the skull.^®^

101 John Barkar, Thetnædescripücnofamonsterous Chylde... (London, Wylliam Gryffith, 1564).

102 Anon. The tniejbimmcaiddjapeofamyn^erais Chyld... (London, 1565), reproduced in: Herbert L. Collmann (ed.). Ballads & Broadsides c h i^ c f doe Elizabedoan Period... (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1912), p. 113. 103 Anon., The tmediscriptionoflworrKjnstenm Chyldren Bome at Herne iri Kent The.xocvL daieofAu^istelndoeyereof Lorde. M .CXXXX1LXV... (London, T. Colwell, 1565).

104 Jean Wolff quoted by J.B. Salgues, Des Erreurs et des P r g i^ répandus dam la Société (Paris, F. Buisson, 1810- 13, 3 vols), p. 116.

105 John Mellys, The trriedescriptioncftmnionsîerous children... (London, Alexander Lacy, 1566).

106 H.B., Thetruediscriptionofa Childe with R t^ ... (London, John Allde, 1566); see Philobiblon Society, o p .d t, p. 360.

107 see Gilbert-Barness, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 1361.

1566c An adult male with a parasitic twin fused at the xiphistemum, complete except for the head/°'

1567 Bom at Flanders, conjoined female twins: two heads, four arms, two legs. Parapagus tetrabrachius dipus.

1568a Bom at Arles, a hirsute child (Planugo hair) with two ‘homs,’ the navel ‘where the nose should stand,’ eyes ‘where should stand the mouth: betweene the which was a certaine opening: hys eares stode on either side the chinne, and his mouthe at the ende of the same.’ (Fig. 24) The mother was one Jeanne Verdiere, the father Pierre Conlion, a tailor.^^° Cydopia.

1568b A male child bom at Maidstone, Kent, 24th October 1568, with cleft hp and spina bifida. ‘At Maydstone in Kent there was one Marget Mere, daughter to Richard Mere, of the sayd towne of Maydstone, who, being uiunaiyed, played the naughty packe, and was gotten with childe, being delivered of the same childe the xxiiij daye of October last past, in the yeare of our Lorde 1568, at vij of the clocke in the aftemoone... which child, being a man-child, had first the mouth slitted on the right side, like a libardes mouth, terrible to beholde, the left arme lying upon the brest, fast thereto joyned, having as it were stumps on the handes, the left leg

growing upward toward the head, and the r y ^ t leg bending toward the left leg, the foote

thereof growing into the buttocke of the sayd left leg. In the middest of the back there was a broade lump of flesh, in fashion like a rose, in the myddest whereof was a hole, which voyded like an issue. The sayd childe was bome alyve, and lyved xxiiij howres, and then departed this

lyfe, - which may be a terror as well to all such workers of filthiness and iniquity... (Fig. 22)

There are features of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita or Larsen syndrome^^ although Trisomy 13 would be a more commonly occurring altemative.^^

108 Anon., AlxcsTterfktungder Wtmâetbcxren^stak / so HcmsKaltenbrmn... (1566) reproduced in Hollander, op. cit., p. 102.

109 Batman, op. ciL, p .393,

110 Fenton, op. d t.,fol. 146r, Batman op. c it, p .395 (has 1569). 111 Anon. The forme and shape... (London, John Awdeley, 1568).

112 T. Anderson, ‘Earliest evidence for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita or Larsen syndrome?’ Am&kan Journal o f Medical Genetics 71 (199^, pp. 127-9.

113 A.W. Bates, ‘Birth defects described in Elizabethan ballads’ Journal o f the Royal Society o f Mediane vol. 93 (2000), pp. 202-7.

1569 Bom at Tours, twins conjoined at the head, embracing one another. There was a single heart."'* Cephalothoracopagus.

1570a In Germany, conjoined twins, with ten toes on the shared foot: ‘in vico Gravillierorum ex Petro Germano, & Mathea Petronilla natos esse ait duos infantes perineo ad nates

conjunctos, communem umbilicum.’"^ Ischiopagus tripus.

1570b Bom in Paris, 20th July, Rue des Gravelliers, at the sign of the Bell. Male and female conjoined twins, baptised Louis and Louise."^ Ischiopgus.

1571 Bom at Gascoigne nr Beaumont de Lomaigne, France, a boy with a parasitic twin attached at the upper chest by the head, with a dependent body. It was described by Seignior Camboline, doctor and ‘consul,’ and also seen by M. Arnault Sylle, doctor of medicine and Jean Tomeil, apothecary. The mother, aged 35, and the father, 40, were poor peasants.*"

1572a Conjoined twins bom at Viabon on the road from Paris to Chartres, at the place of the Petites Bordes, to a woman named Cypriane Girande, wife of Jacques Marchant, a farmer.*** They had one umbilicus, two chests, four arms, and three legs. An illustration shows them with onty- one set of female extemal genitalia; they lived until the following Sunday.

Ischiopagus tripus.

1572b Conjoined twins bom 10th July at Pont de Ce near Angers; they lived for half an hour and received baptism. They were fused anteriorly from chin to umbilicus; well formed except the left hand had only four fingers. Dissection showed one heart and a four-lobed liver.**^ Thoracopagus.

114 ‘Cujus monstri cadaver quum diffecuisset, unicum cor reperit. Ex quo scire licet, unicum eum infantem extitisse’: Liceti, op. cit, p. 118; Paré op. cit., p. 15.

115 Liceti, op. d t, p. 90.

116 Anon., L 'Androgpi né a Paris... (Lyon, Michael Jove, 1570), Boiastuau’s illustration shows them both androgynous-looking, with only one cord: Pierre Boaistuau, Histoiresprodi^euses... (Chez G. Janssens, Anvers, 1594), p. 471; also Paré, op. d t, p. 17.

117 Boaistuau, op. d t, p. 477.

118 ‘Viabani Paroecia, qua Camutum Lutetia itur, in pagnio Parvamm Bordarum, Cyprianam Girandam Jacobi Mercatoris agricolae uxorem peperisse gemellas ad nates junctas.' Liceti op d t, p. 90; Paré op d t, pp. 21-2. 119 Liceti, op. d t, p. 111.

1573 At Paris, a 9-year-old boy illustrated by Pare/^° Delaunay offered a diagnosis of caudal regression syndrome, with which P.D. Pallister concurred/^^ Pallister writes that the ears are

abnormal, though the illustration does not seem to me to show this. Walton etaL suggest

femur-fibuloulna dysostosis.^^^ Cornelia de Lange syndrome also seems to me a possible diagnosis, though the lower limb defects are rather severe.

1575a ‘A two-headed child was bom.’^^^ Ischiopagus tetrapus.

1575b Bom 12th November at Amheim; a monster that ‘ranne under the bed.’ It had a ‘roughe bodie hairie and blacke,’ a belly like a swan,’ ‘clawed’ feet, large eyes, a mouth like a stork, ‘two bending homes on his heade,’ an ox tail and ‘clawes’ on the h a n d s . A sooterkin, resembling traditional images of devils.

125

1576a Bom at Taunton, England, a male child with one head, two bodies and four legs Cephalopagus.

1576b Conjoined twins; two heads, four arms and four legs but one trunk and abdomen with two umbihci and two nipples.^^^ Probably omphalopagus.

1577 ‘We saw a youth, born without arms and hunchbacked, who nevertheless could write with his toes...

120 op. cit, pp. 33, 35; see also Schenck, op. dt., p. 633; Schott, op. cit, vol. 1, p. 686; Liceti, op. d t, pp. 59-60. 121 Paré, op. d t, pp. 178-9

122 M.T. Walton etaL, ‘O f monsters and prodigies: the interpretation of birth defects in the sixteenth century’ American Jottmal o f Medical GenedcsvoX. 47 (1993), pp. 7-13: 9.

123 ‘Natus est infans biceps;’ Schott, op. cit vol. 1, p. 662, after Aldrovandi. Could this be the same as the ischiopagus tetrapus described in the canards ...Monstroso nato in Ghetto... and ...mcnstruoso nato di tma Hebrea... both of 1575?

124 Batman, op. d t, p. 401.

125 Anon., lise discription and filtre c f a rnonstnious childe bcftne at TatintcndxviijofNoixrnherl576 (London, Hugh Jackson, 1576); Batman ipp. d t, p. 402) appears to have used the ballad as a source.

126 MS and drawing from Zurich Stadtbibliothek They appear to have been drawn from life, but are not neonates. See Hollander, op. dt., p. 78.

127 ‘N os vidimus adolescentem, sine brachius natum ac gibbosum, qvi nihilominus pedum digitis ad scribendum.’Joachim Christian Westphal, NaturePeocans, septerutrbproldenialumrturneroproposita, derpta... disputahit (Leipzig, 1687), fol. C iv, after Rodericus à Castro.

1578a Conjoined twins from Germany/^* Cephalothoracopagus janiceps asymmetros with one cyclopic face (Fig. 19).

1578b Bom 10th Januaiy at Piedmont: a child with five homs and a fleshy bag on the back of the head. It was dark green and red. The father was a doctor.^^’ See p. 167.

1578c Bom 25th September at ‘Clodiae,’ a child with a large fleshy excrescence at the front, which totally covered the face.^^° Frontal encephaloccele.

1578d A child bom at Mecklenburg: ‘All the bones of the head and cranium were absent, from which it is reasonable to infer that the brain was absent also. It also lacked ears, which could be distinguished by a protuberance of skin. The cutaneous covering could be seen hanging down from the head.’ The eyes were always open and the tongue absent.^^^ ? Anencephalic, although it is not clear why absence of the brain would have had to be inferred. Acalvaria is another possibility.

1579a Bom dead at Aberwick, Northumberland, 5th Januaiy to John and Elinor Urine, aged 26 and 28, male conjoined twins ‘two heades,’ ‘two eares like a horse,’ ‘joined together in the hinder parte of the two faces, a double body, that is two joined in one, two armes, two legs.’ The father was ‘a lewde Minstrell or Idle vagabonde.’ Parapagus diprosopus.

1579b Bom at Lutsolof, Germany, 1 July: -1 a child with no hands, one sword one rodde [Paré described a limb of the child seen in 1573 as resembling a rodde], of blackish colour, lived three days, -2 conjoined twins with 2 heads, one body, one head swarte coloured, lived three

128 see Hollander, op. cit., p. 353.

129 A non., B r i^ discoursd'mmervallmxmcnstrenéa Eusrig)... (Chambety, F. Poumard, 1578); Anon., Kray pouiftr(ûa^etscimrrumedjescriptimd'mhornkketrr^^ néa Cher, terre de Piedmord, le 10. dejarwierl578...

(Chambéry, 1578); Batman, op.dL ,p. 405. Paré, op. cit., p. 10 puts the birth at 8pm on 17 January;Schott, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 676, has 1577.

130 Schenck, op. cit, p. 12 after Gamerim. 131 iHd., p. 13.

132 Anon., A true repent o f a straung... (London, Thomas Gosson, 1580); Batman, op. cit, p. 408.

days. The father of these children was named Baltus Maler, the mother Katherine was aged 40.^” Parapagus.

1579c Bom Tuesday 4th August, at Manchester, a child without a head and the beUy open

1579d Bom at Angiers; a child with seven heads.

134

135

1579e ‘In an obscure lake-island, called Ferrières, came forth a monstrous female with a single head, from the occiput of which a large piece of flesh hung down: in the mouth two

tongues... Posterior encephaloccele, with possibly the ‘lobulated’ tongue of Meckel

syndrome.^^^

c. 1580 Thomas Schweicker, an armless man, is shown writing ‘Deus est mirabilis in operibus suis’ with his feet.^^* Examples of his writing were preserved until the eighteenth century.

1580a Yorkshire, 18th June, Alice Perin, aged 60, gave birth to a monster with a head was like ‘a saUet’ [a ‘light globular head-piece’ - OED], ‘the mouth long as a Rat,’ eight legs all different,

a tail half a yard long.^140

1580b Bom at Fennestanton in Huntingtonshire, 23rd September, a child with ‘a face blacke,

mouth and eyes like a lyon, and both male and female.,141

133 ilnd.

134 ibid.,p. 407

135 ib id ,p. 407. Schott, op. ciL,vol. 1, p. 664, cites Aldrovandi, giving 1587.

136 ‘In insula obscuri lacus, Ferrariensi ditione, ortum est ex muliere monstrum uno capite, cui ad occipitum frustum grande camis dependebat: in ore duae linguae...’ Liceti, op. a t p. 91; also Schenck 1644, op. ciL,p. 13. 137 see P. Moermanet^*/., T he Meckel Syndrome. Pathological and cytogenetic observations in eight cases’ Htman Genetics vo\. 62 (1982), pp. 240-5.

138 Hollander, op. ciL,p. 115; Schott, op. d t, vol. 1, p. 680; Schenck, op. d t, p. 629 139 D u Plessis, A ShonHistotyoflbmianProdi^ous & MonstrousB irihs... (1730), p. 215.

140 Batman, op. d t, p. 412: T he XVII day of June last past... in the parish of Blamsdon, in Yorkshire, after a great tempest of Ughtning and thunder, a woman of foure score years old named Ales Perin, was delivered of a straunge and hideous Monster, whose heade was like unto a sallet or heade-peece... Which Monster brought into the world no other news, but an admiration of the devine works of God.’

141 See: Anon., The description of monstrous childe bcrme at Ffenny stanton in Huntinghishire (London, Henry

Bynneman, 1580); Batman, op. cit., p. 414; also Richard Burton, Admircéle Curiosities (1702), p. 93; Notes and Queries 10th series, vol. 9, p. 249.

1580c Bom at Chichester in Sussex, a child with the head bigger than the body, the body 9” in compass, 1” arms, the legs ‘wanted thighs.’ The mother, Annis Figge, was an adulteress. Possibly Roberts syndrome but there is insufficient detail for diagnosis (Fig. 21).

1585a At Rome, a man aged 32 with a parasitic twin: ‘a man was seen in his 32nd year, the hips and legs and feet of an infant in the buttock region; the size was unequal; above the organ

of generation a large mass was present’143

1585b A legless young adult male exhibited in Rome. The rest of his body was well formed

but without legs or thighs.144

1591 Bom November, Frankfurt, a male child with a large head without eyes, ears, nose, mouth, cranium, and forehead. This child died from being observed by the masses and was buried in St Peter’s cemeteiy.^'^^

1593a O n 6th October at ‘Monasterii Wolwerstalt... a woman gave birth to a girl with two

heads, which, though dead, Valentinus Wager depicted in the colours of Hfe’>146

1593b Bom at Konigsburg: ‘a boy with the ears of a rabbit, with a piece of flesh like a felt

,1 4 7

cap.

148

1596 A child with all Hmbs absent except the left leg.

1596 Magdalena Emohre, an adult woman without arms,149

142 Batman, op. cit., p. 415. There are two extant ballads describing monstrous births in Chichester, but neither corresponds to this case.

143 ... visus est vir tiigesimum secundum natus annum, coxis, & cruribus, pedibusque infantis nuper nati partes consimiles magnitudine non aequantibus, supemis membris debitam aetati molem obtinentibus’: Liceti, op. a t., p. 58

144 See Hollander, op. ciL, p. 127

145 ‘mortuus his puer à multis conspiciebatur’: Schenck, cp. cit, p. 9.

146 ‘uxor cujusdam cauponis puellam bicipitem peperit; quam mortuam Valentinus Wager vivis coloribus delineavit’: Schott, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 662.

147 ‘masculus aure leporina, cum portione camis instar pilei’: Schott, op cit., vol. 1, p. 676. 148 See Hollander, op. d t, p. 124.

1597a Bom 29 May near Tubingen, a child with two heads and necks, ambiguous genitalia: ‘the head was not much different from the skull of a dead man... a double heart and lungs [four lungs?] and a double liver with a single stomach and intestine’.‘^° Parapagus dibrachius dipus.

1597b A woman bom in England who in 1613 was seen in Strafiburg: her whole body was well-formed, except the feet. The right leg was three times bigger than the body and weighed fifty-two [pounds?]; the left, similarly, weighed twenty-two. On one foot there were six digits and on the other three.^^^ The limb swelling is probably acquired lymphoedema, the oligo- and polydactyly incidental.

1598 Bom between Augerium and Tortonam, 26th October, a child with two heads, four arms, two legs and a tail. No virile member, therefore regarded as female.

Thoraco/omphalopagus conjoined twins.

1599a Bom at Zeitem near Bmssels, August, a male child with two heads, the rest well formed, and a mdimentary wolf’s tail. ‘This went to full term in the utems, it came from a farmhouse, the birth was troubled with much pain and the land where it died was immediately seized with trembling... for both heads had faces like apes: the rest of the girl was well-formed except the arms, which somehow seemed to arise from the hands; the feet were like the feet of an ape’.^” Parapagus dibrachius dipus.

149 Anon., 1396... (Prague, 1616) reproduced in Hollander, op. cà, p. 125. This resembles another case, Abbildungemer Jwigfrawen / so mmmdTredick Jahrak / aber ein M ikgebwt / so ai^einem D otffein... ([ahr, 1616), also dealt with by Hollander; both use a key to open a chest and have three books in the background, however the different dates appear to preclude them being the same person. Did the artist adapt an existing illustration? Another version (Hollander, op. cit., p. 126) shows her dressed.

150 ‘Capita a craniis defunctorum hominum non multum distabant, quorum singulae frontes in medio non aliter divisae apparebant, ac si essent discissae. Crura bina, una cum parvulis manibus, & pedibus macris, in augustum contractis, erant, ut soient in hujusmodi abortibus conspici...cor duplex, pulmo item & jecur duplex, in ventre inferiore stomachus simplex, & simplicia intestina.' Schott, op c it, vol. 1, p. 662.

151 Caspar Bauhin, HermeqhrodkcmnMoinstrosorntmqæ... (Frankfurt, Mathaeus Becker, 1600), p. 81. 152 Schott, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 663; Aldrovandi, op. cit, pp. 410-12.

153 ‘H ec absoluto gestationis uteri cursu, rure domum veniens, gravibus partus doloribus vexata, in terram cadens, extemplo epilepsia correpta est, & nocte adventante, foetum editit, animamquae eadam nocte, post novem horarum paroxismum comitialis morbi, efflavit Infans autem fuit horrendi aspectus: nam duo capita simiarum facies aemulabantur; reliqua pars corporis puello bene constitutio similis erat, praeter brachia, quae

1599b Bom 6th January: ‘a monstrous deformed infant.’ It was baptised *What Godwill’ and

died on the third day.154

1600 A child of uncertain sex, bom in Herefordshire, 5th Januaiy. Died on the third day. Said not to have slept because ‘it had no eyelids.’ The original description by Jones (1600) is quoted by Tumpenny and Hole, who made a diagnosis of Bartsocas-Papas syndrome.^^^

156

1605 Female thoracopagus twins bom in Paris. Autopsy showed a single heart and liver.

1606 Bom at Hagenau in Alsatia, a boy with a hole in his belly. Omphaloccele, gastroschisis, or simple maceration could all produce this.

1608a Bom 27th November at Modbuiy, Devonshire; a female child without eyes, nose, or ears, the body scored full of red strokes. Where the ribs met there was a seam of flesh. PMacerated, ?harlequin foetus (congenital ichthyosis).

1608b A male child, bom 3rd December at Plymouth to Susan, wife of Andrew White, a