Ecuador 52 No Inmediato 72 horas (en
4.2.6 COMPONENTES DE LA ESTRATEGIA DE GOBIERNO EN LÍNEA DESARROLLADOS POR LA CANCILLERÍA
( 5 )
( 6 )
Vol ta i re , Es sa i sur l e s moeur s
e t
de s na t ions ,Pari s 9 1 96 3 ,
Chap ter CLXXVI I , " Gouvernement e t moeurs del'Espa gne,
"
p.
6 33 .
Monte �quieu, Le t tre s ed. c it . , Le t tre de Rica a Usbek. 11Le
seul de leur s
l ivre s qui soi t bon e s.t celui quia
fa i t voir le ridicule d e taussupplement c ontribut ions by o ther authori t ies. The s imilarity be tween the language and tone of the
f ollowing extra c t nnd Montesquieu's comments i s str iking.
, , '
'
" Ce t t8 f idel i te s ingul iere qu ils avoient ' # A
autrefo } s a g�rder de s dep o t s 9 e t dont Jul ien fa i t l ' e l o ge 9 ils l ' ont e nc o re auj ourd ' hui ; ma i s ce t te admirabl� g_ua l i t
e
9 j o inte,a leur pare s se 9 forme un melange 9 dont il re sul te de seffe t s qui leur s ont nui s ible s . Le s autre s peuple s f ont sous leur s yeux le comme rc e de leur monarchie ; e t c 'est vraiscmo l�b lcm0nt � b onheur pour l'Europe que 1�
¥
exique , le Perou et l e Chily 9 scie nt p o s sede s par une nat ion parcs seuse. " ( 7 )De Jauc ourt cla ims tha t the se comment s are ba sed upon
"le tableau (J_U 1 un grand pc intrc a f a i t de s revoluti ons
de ce royaumc dans s on Hi s to irc du sie cle de Loui s XIV . " { e )
From the se j udge ment s and o ther s too numerous to detail he re 9 it seems tha t a fa irly unbalanced impre s s ion
of Spa in ua s current at this t ime : Spa in rra s a country harb ouring inhab i tant s 15,rho d i splayed the mo st unfavourable
chara c teristic s - e sp e c ially pride and lazine s s - and the hi story of the nation enf o lded intolerance , fana t i sm and the overpmve ring shadow of the Inqui si t iono I t wa s obvi ous , from the s tereo typed e ightee nth century view , tha t nothing of value lay beyond the Pyrenee s.
However , in c ontra s t wi th the general view of ho rr ifying decadence 9 there are in l i ghter ve in the works of Le Sa ge , Marivaux 9 Beaumarcha is and Florian , which provide amp le evidence to show that Spa in wa s capable s t ill of hold ing real and p o s i t ive inte re s t for b o th wri ters and reader s in France o
( 7 )
( 8 )
ou d ic t i onna ire de s de s e t de s Vol o 5 , Article b y M . le Chevalier de Jaucour t 9 "L ' Espagne . " Nouvelle
impre s sion en fac s imile de la le.re
e
d it ion de 1 751 - 1 780 , Stut tga r t , 1 96 6 , P o 953.Rene Le Sa ge
(1 66 8-1747 )
undertook severaltranslat ions of Spani sh works. Among the se are found
Le Po int d ' honneur
( 1 70 2 )
( 9 ) , Don Ce sar d 'Ursin( 1 707 ) ( 1 0 h
and Gusman d 1 Alfarache
( 1 732 ) . ( 1 1 )
Al though the re is nodoub ting the value of the se transla ti ons , the continua t i on of inte re s t in Spain through the e i ghte enth century may
be sa id to re s t more w i th hi s Gi l Bla s de Sant illane
(1 71 5)
.
But in name only i s the soc iety which Le Sage de scrib e s Spani sh : Gi l Bla s repre sents humanity , be se tby va rying fortune s . However , the range of charac te r i s a t ion o r perhap s type s introduced into the VJork i s wide.
Gil Bla s i s servant to Don Rafael , to Sangrado , and to the Archb i shop of Granada , vvho are de ta iled portra i t s of f inely ob served mode l s. De sp ite Voltaire 's critici sm
there i s much more original Le Sa ge in Gil de Santillane than in his Diable Bo i teux
( 1 707 ) ,
anadap ta t i on of el Diablo
( 1 641 )
by Lui s Ve le z de Guevara ( 1 579-1 644 ) . Th i s i s an intere s ting var ia ti onof the p i care sque novel in v¥hich the devil , be ing able to l if t the roof from house s to look ins ide can offer a sa t ir ical commentary on Spani sh l ife .
F.Jhile many of the influence s upon Mari vaux
( 1 688-
1 76 3 )
are indirec t and s tem from the French devel opmentof Spani sh insp ira t ions , hi s le Prince ou l ' i llustre aventurier
( 1 724 )
is se t in Barce lona .The thea tre of Beaumarcha i s
( 1 7 32- 1 799 )
owe s much to Spani sh authors with re gard to plot , si tua ti on and charac te r deve lopment .( 1 2 )
In the preface t o la Mere( 1 781 ) ( 1 3)
Beauma rcha i s cla ims tha t interference1
9 )
Transla ted fro� No by Rajas.1 Ol
Fro m Pe or esta e stab a �1 600-1 681 )
• •1 1
From Guzman de( 1 599 ) ,
Aleman( 1 547-1 6 1 4 ) .
1 2
Figa r o Barb ie r de e tc ) i s a typ ical( 1 3 )
Be�umarcha i s , la Me re Theatre , Par i s ,1 9 50 ,
Prefa ce , p .220.
w i th the name s of h i s cha ra c t e r s in the f ir s t ed i t ion de t ra c ted f rom the effe c t of the Figaro serie s , which
inc luded le Ba rb ie r de Sev ille ( 1 775 ) and le de
(1 781 ). I t i s clGar tha t Beaumarcha i s regarded
,
the se a s c omedie s
Florian ( 1 755-1 794) i s knorm pa r t i cula rly for h i s
cont inua t ion o f the fab le trad i t ion in French l i tera ture , but he wa s a t trac ted in o ther works t o wr i te ab out
Spani sh sub je c t s . La Ga l a thee ( 1 78 3 ) � a pa s tora l , ha s much in common w i th Ga le tea by Cervantes, but the
Spanish temperament v,rhich he s ought t o e xpre s s came out in the Hispano-moresque tradit ion. In 1 792 Gonzalve de
Cordoue ou Gre
n
ade rec onoui se wa s pub l i shed in two volume s . It ov1e s i t s exi stence to many source s , a mongthe m Ma riana , Ga r ibay , Ferreras, Zur i ta , Ca rdonne and
,
Che n ie r . Je an Ca z e na1Je ha s tra ced i t s relationsh ip with
the Guerre s Civ i l e s a nd c onc lud e s tha t :
"De telle s pa ge s � a ssez nombreuse s , le tableau e xa c t a la foi s et p i t tore s que du s ie �e e t de ln p r i se de Gre nade par le s
a rme e s e spagnol es donnent au Gonzalve de
Co rdoue de Florian une valeur r
e
e l le et uneplace honorab le dans la p roduc t i on romane s c�.:ue
du XVI I Ie siec le. " ( 1 4)
I mportant in a d i scus s ion of the place of Spa i n in French l ite ra ture of the e ightee nth century are the translations f rom Lop e de Vega a nd Ca lder
o
n made byHenr i Linguet ( 1 736 -1 794 ) , whi le h i s novel le Malade in 1 768 , owes much to Don Juan
Rana Comilo'n by Quinone s de Benavente. There i s no space here to cons ider the se minor p i e ce s in deta il but it
suffic e s to say that the work of adapta t i on continued ,
( 14 ) Jea n Ca zena v e , "Le roman h i spano-maure s que en
admit tedly wi th se cond or third rank authors , until Cha teaubriand took up the cause of Spa in aga in and gave ne� vita l i ty to Spani sh theme s and sub jects . ( 1 5 )
'l'he e ighteenth century thus looked at Spa in in two ways. On the one hand , as we have seen, we re the
"litte rateur s p roprcment d i t s ;' ( 1 6 ) who cont inued t o d i scover tha t much of Spain's exo t ic na ture had no t been exhausted by nove l ists and dramat ists , and , more
importantly , we re able to f ind wha t they needed mo s t - ma terial upon which the ir imagina t ions could work - sub je c t s , theme s and characters.
For the on the o the r hand , Spa in wa s
the country of fana tic i sm and ignorance 9 wor thy only of the mo st c omplete d i sda in. They were systema t ic
de tractors and i t i s no t in the ir works tha t one should seek the truth ab out Spa in, e i ther from an e i ghteenth
century po int of vieH or in re gard to the general pa tterns of European hi s to ry or l i tera ture . Every fac e t of l ife south of the Pyrenee s came under scrutiny and a t tack. Art , l i tera ture , sc ience , industry and the general more s we.re sub je c ted to atta ck with e qual vigour. As the
comment s made above indica te , Vol ta ire and Monte squieu
had drawn, in a few effe ctive stroke s , over:..s impl if ied ima ge s of Spa in and the Spaniard which can occa sionally be perce ived in some leve l s of soc iety even in the twent ie th century .
This dual i ty of a t t i tude s c ont inued throughout the e ighteenth century and i t i s in the works of Cha teaubriand , whom, a s Sa inte -Beuve had noted "l ' on trouve a l ' entre.e
de toute s le s avenue s de la l i t te ra ture moderne "
tha t the w ide ly separated views of the two group s
( 1 5 ) ( 1 6 )
For further example s see the works of Antoine Bre t ( 1 71 7-1 846 ) and C . G . T . Garnier ( 1 746-1 795 ) .
Alfred More.l-Fa ti o 9 "Comment l a France a connu e t
will be united. ( 1 7 )
As far a s the gene ral pub lic wa s c once.rned the c oncep t ion of Spa in mo s t generally held wa s a re sult of the pub l icati ons of Vol ta ire and MontesCJ.uieu, but i t should al so be remembered tha t i t wa s i n the e i ghteenth century tha t Ma s son de Morvill iers wrote 9 ga ined
notorie ty , and wa s ansv1e red . De sp ite l i tera ry re sponse s to his ques t ion9 and de sp i te works l ike l'Etat
de ( 1 8 ) 9 the Tableau de rnoderne ( 1 9 )
and o ther works which appeared in the cour se of the century 9 the st ing of the f irst a ttacks rema ined.
The deve l opment of the Moor i sh tr•ad i t ion in French l i tera ture of the e ighte enth century i s important.
Translat ions from the Spani sh continued to enter France . As early a s 1 699 Bremond and Baudot had wr i t ten the
Re lation histori quc e t de l ' inva s i on de
le s Maure s ( 20 ) and Migue l de Luna ( 2 1 ) had been translated in 1 680 . The l ife of Gonzalve de Cordoba wa s tran sla ted in 1 71 4 . ( 22 ) Charenton had worked on the hi s tory of Spa in and had brought out Che z Leme rc ier hi
s
( 1 7 ) ( 1 8 ) ( 1 9 ) ( 20 ) ( 2 1 ) ( 22 )
j our s 9 " in Etudes sur 1 Vol .
I ,
p .59 .
J . � . Gautier , quo ting Sainte-Beuve in l ' Exo ti smeame ricain Cha teaubr iand ,_
Manc}l. , 1 951 ,p. 1 ,
Jean de Vayrac ,
Par i s ,
1 71 8 .J . Fr . Bourgo ing , Tableau de Paris 9 1789.
Re la tion hi s tori ue e t alante de l ' inva s i on de
1
Es a
near
l e sPar i s ,
199 1 722 , a t tributed
to Seba s t ien ? Bremondand
Nicolas Baudot de Juilly .Miguel de Luna 9
la
Verdadera Hi storia dele n
la
cua l setrata la causa
dela de
Caragoca ,
The re c i t i s. � � .
supposedly a transla t1on by