CAPITULO II MARCO TEÓRICO
2.2 FUNDAMENTACIÓN TEÓRICA.
2.2.1 Comprensión lectora.
Scientific Name: Sequioa
Sempervirens
Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: Famed as the tallest
trees in the world, Coast Redwoods are the last species of Sequoias on the planet. As their name implies they have rust red bark that can be up to 12 inches think. The bark is surprisingly soft and can be easily pulled off in long tattered strips (see Figure 75).
The Coast Redwood’s needles are less than an inch long and sprout in pairs. They are dull green in color with a lighter shade of green on their undersides. (see Figure 76). Away from the foggy California coast that turns them into giants Coast Redwoods are pyramid shaped and can have multiple low- lying branches that tend to arc upward (see Figure 77).
Figure 75. Coast Redwood Trunk
Figure 76. Close up of needles and cones.
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Figure 78. Deodara Cedar branch and needles.
Figure 79. Mature Deodara Cedar.
Figure 80. Fuly grown Deodara Cedar.
Deodara Cedar
Scientific Name: Cedrus Deodara Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: Native to Central Asia,
the Deoara Cedar’s are large conifer trees ranging in height from 40-70 feet. Their needles sprout out of branches in bunches of 15-20, with singular needles sprouting on their own near branch tips (see Figure 78).
Deodar Cedars have exceptionally long sturdy branches. Younger branches tend to droop slightly while older branches jut straight from the trunk. They have thin pyramid-shaped crowns (see Figure 79).
The bark of the Deodara Cedars is light gray with shallow fissure exposing light red bark underneath. The bark is fairly tough and scaly to the touch (see Figure 80).
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Figure 81. Douglas fir branch and cones.
Figure 82. Douglas Fir bark.
Figure 83. Fully grown Douglas Fir.
Douglas Fir
Scientific Name: Pseudotsuga
Menziesii
Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: One of Washington’s
signature trees, Douglas Firs average 80 feet tall but can reach height of 200 feet. Their needles are flattened and arranged like spokes on a wheel around the branch they are sprouting from. Their cones are very small and unlike other conifers tend to hang down rather than up (See
Douglas fir bark is a dark gray with a rough scaly texture and fissures that can be quite deep but have no discernible color difference from bark on the surface (see Figure 82). Although their branches grow straight from the trunk smaller branchlets on Douglas firs can droop from main branches giving the tree its signature look (see Figure 83).
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Figure 84. Eastern Juniper trunk
Figure 85. Close up of needles and fruit.
Figure 86. Fully grown Eastern Juniper
Eastern Juniper
Scientific Name: Juniperus
Virginiana
Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: Eastern Junipers are
small for conifers, rarely reaching heights of more than 50 feet. Their bark is a mottled gray or rust brown with a tattered appearance. (see Figure 84).
Eastern Juniper leaves come in two types. Pointy, g needle-like juvenile leaves 2.–3 inches long, and tightly pressed scale-like adult leaves less than half an inch long. They are arranged in pairs or bundles of three. Their cones are berry-like spheres with a white wax cover giving them a sky-blue color (see Figure 85).
Eastern Junipers are hardy, single stem trees with dense spherical crowns and upward angle branches (see Figure 86).
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Figure 87. English Yew branch with leaves and berries.
Figure 88. English Yew bark.
Figure 89. Close up of English Yew.
English Yew
Scientific Name: Taxus Baccata Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: These small evergreen
trees range from 30-60 feet in height. Their leaves are flat dark green spears arranged in flat rows on either side of the branch. English Yews can be easily identified by the bright red berry-like structures that protect their seeds. About the size of a marble, these berries have an opening at the bottom and are very poisonous. (see Figure 87).
English Yew bark is very thin and comes in a rich brown. The bark grows in thin upward-angled plates that can be pulled off with minimal effort (see Figure 88).
English Yews are slow-growing hardy trees with branches that grow at an upward angle with branchlets that droop on either side of the branch (see Figure 89).
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Figure 90. False Hinoki Cypress branch.
Figure 91. False Hinoki Cypress tree.
Figure 92. Branch of False Hinoki
False Hinoki Cypress
Scientific Name: Chamaecyparis
Obtusa
Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: A popular Bonsai tree,
the False Hinoki Cypress can actually grow up to 90 feet tall. The easiest way to identify them is by their leaves which are blunt and scale-like. Branchlets and leaves are a uniform green and can resemble a flat cross-section of a tree due to their tendency to grow in a pyramid shape from their branch (see Figure 90).
False Hinoki Cypress’s have light pyramidal crowns with branches growing in horizontal planes. Their trunks are small for their size. A 90 foot tree may only have a 3 foot diameter trunk. (see Figure 91). The bark of these trees grows in long stringy strips. It is rust red in color and soft to the touch (see Figure 92).
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Figure 93. Trunk of Giant Sequioa.
Figure 94. Giant Sequioa needles.
Figure 95. Young Giant Sequoia.
Giant Sequioa
Scientific Name: Sequioadendron
Giganteum
Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: One of the three
species of Redwood on the planet, Giant Sequioa’s are the world’s largest trees in terms of volume growing between 165-280 feet. Their trunks and bark are very similar to that of the Coastal Redwood accept that their trunks grow in a columnar fashion rather than a cylinder (see Figure 93). Giant Sequioa leaves consist of tiny blue-green cordlike branchlets growing out of branches in bunches of 3 or more. The individual leaves resemble capital “V’s” interlocking to form a chain (see Figure 94). Not all Giant Sequoia’s are giants, Younger trees can resemble large shrubs with dense pyramidal crowns than can reach or drag along the ground (see Figure 95).
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Figure 96. Incense Cedar bark.
Figure 97. Incense Cedar needles.
Incense Cedar
Scientific Name: Calucedrus
Decurrens
Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: Although called a
cedar, these fragrant trees are actually cypresses. These tall trees are recognizable for their mottled bark which has shades of both rust red and light gray (see Figure 96). The Incense Cedar’s leaves are overlapping scales with bright green leaves attached to red branchlets. Hey grow in a fluted wine-glass pattern formed by each outside pair of leaves (see Figure 97). They emit an aromatic scent when crushed giving the tree its name.
Incense Cedar’s are tall straight trees with conic crowns and straight branches. Their branches are typically short giving the tree a cylindrical silhouette at times (see Figure 98).
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Figure 99. Bark of Japanese Black Pine..
Figure 100. Branch and cones of Japanese Black Pine.
Figure 101. Picturesque specimen of Japanese Black
Japanese Black Pine
Scientific Name: Pinus Thunbergii Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: Another popular Bonsai tree, These trees can range from 20-80 feet tall. Their needles can be up to 6 inches long and grow in pairs with a white sheath at their base. The needles sprout from branches in a cylindrical fashion. (see Figure 99).
The branchlets of the Japanese Black Pine grow at an upward angle. Male cones grow in between these branchlets in bunches of up to 20 near the end of each branch (See Figure 100).
Unlike most conifers, the Japanese Black Pine typically has an erratic twisting trunk often becoming multi-stemmed. Their crowns are typically pyramid-shaped but can be pruned to resemble anything (see Figure 101).
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Figure 102. Trunk and bark of Ponderosa Pine.
Figure 103. Large Cone and needles of Ponderosa Pine.
Figure 104. Mature Ponderosa Pine.
Ponderosa Pine
Scientific Name: Pinus Ponderosa Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: Native to the
western United States, Ponderosa Pines grow between 60-100 feet. They are easily identified by their bark which is a brownish-black in young trees and tan-colored in older trees. The bark grows in scales that become large plates the older the tree gets (see Figure 102). Their needles are long, up to 10 inches, and sprout in in 3's or 2's, crowded on branchlets. They are very sharp at the apex, and have feint lines on their surface. Ponderosa Pine’s have straight trunks and highly erratic branch structures. Lower branches tend to droop significantly while upper branches can be straight for growing at an upward angle. (see Figure 104).
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Figure 105. Bark of Port Orford Cedar.
Figure 106. Port Orford Cedar branch.
Port Orford Cedar
Scientific Name: Chamaecyparis
Lawsoniana
Tree Type: Coniferous
Description: Another Conifer that is
not a true Cedar. Port Orford Cedar’s grow between 40-60 feet. Their bark is very similar to other Cedars and has the same alternating shades of gray and red. The Port Orford Cedar however has more pronounced vertical scales that are very fibrous and can be pulled off (see Figure 105).
The Port Orford Cedar has Short ascending branches that droop at the tips. Their feathery leaves grow in flat sprays, usually somewhat glaucous blue-green in color. Flattened frond-like twigs are arranged horizontally, developing white "X" markings on the underside of the branchlet. (see Figure 106).