Compresión y sabiduría.

In this section the results of Polish-English survey will be presented. There are six tables. Table 4.1 and 4.2 show the results of the questions where English is the Matrix Language, determiner is English (overt), the noun is Polish and the following sentence is in Polish (Table 4.1) or English (Table 4.2). Tables 4.3 presents the results of the sentences with English as the Matrix Language if the covert determiner is treated as the English determiner (if Polish does not have the DP structure). However, if the determiner is treated as the Polish covert determiner (assuming that Polish does have DP structure), there will be no code- switching as the following noun is Polish as well. Moreover, in Table 4.3 all sentences are

followed by either a Polish or an English clause. Tables 4.4 contains sentences with Polish as the Matrix Language of one assumes that the covert determiner is a Polish determiner (DP hypothesis). Again, if ones assumes that Polish does not have DP structure, there will be no switch as the covert determiner will be the English covert determiner followed by an English noun. Moreover, the sentences containing code-switching are followed by either Polish or English clauses.

Lastly, both gender and case are marked next to the noun and determiner in the first column in all Tables. For tables 4.3 and 4.4, extra notations A and B are introduced to give predictions when the zero determiner is treated as a Polish determiner or a lack of determiner (A and B respectively).

Table 4.1 Results: English ML, DEN-NPL, Gen vs Nom Case + (Polish)

The different conditions as test cases

Predictions Minimalist Approach Predictions MLF Approach Results

(1) DETEN, overt, NUM + NPL, NUM, MASC/FEM/NEUT, GEN +

(Polish)

ex. Q3 I had to go to the sklepu. Mama poprosiła, żebym kupiła mleko.

* Ö unacceptable

(2) DETEN, overt, NUM + NPL, NUM, MASC/FEM/NEUT, NOM +

(Polish)

ex. Q6 I had to go to the sklep. Mama poprosiła, żebym

kupiła mleko.

Table 4.2 Results: English ML, DEN-NPL, Gen vs Nom Case + (English)

The different conditions as test cases

Predictions Minimalist Approach Predictions MLF Approach Results

(1) DETEN, overt, NUM + NPL, NUM, MASC/FEM/NEUT, GEN +

(English)

ex. Q9 I had to go to the sklepu. My mum had asked me to buy milk.

* Ö unacceptable

(2) DETEN, overt, NUM + NPL, NUM, MASC/NEUT, NOM + (English)

ex. Q12 I had to go to the sklep. My mum had asked me to buy milk.

* Ö acceptable

(3) DETEN, overt, NUM + NPL, NUM, FEM, NOM + (English)

ex. Q13 I had to go to the brama. My mum had asked me to open it.

* Ö in-between

In Tables 4.1 and 4.2 two things become visible. First of all, when English is the Matrix Language and the Polish noun in the code-switched sentence has genitive case, the sentence is judged as unacceptable (see examples (1) from both 4.1 and 4.2). The gender marking or the language of the clause following does not influence the judgement.

Moreover, when the Polish noun is in the nominative case and the clause following the sentence containing the code-switching, the sentence is seen as an example of neither bad nor perfect example of code-switching. However, when the clause preceded by the code-switched sentence is in English, the sentence with a Polish noun in the feminine case as the example (30) is seen as acceptable, i.e. the only perfect example of code-switching:

(30) I had to go to the sklep. My mum had asked me to buy milk.

When it comes to the two approaches, it is the Minimalist approach which predicts

correctly that most of the examples is ill-formed as the determiner is English and has only one feature, number, while the Polish noun has features of gender, case and number. The

derivation should crash as the English D lacks enough features. The framework cannot account for the fact that both type of gender and the following clause might play a role in the judgement of code-switching well-formedness. The MLF model sees all the sentences as correct examples of code-switching, while the results show that not all of them are. The only prediction that the framework makes is that the code-switching must be well-formed since the determiner comes from the Matrix Language.

Table 4.3 Results: English ML, DØ-NPL, Gen vs Nom Case, + (English/Polish)

The different conditions as test cases

Predictions Minimalist Approach Predictions MLF Approach Results

(1) DET, covert, NUM + NPL, NUM, MASC/FEM/NEUT, GEN+

(English/Polish)

ex. Q15 I had to go to Øsklepu. Mama poprosiła, żebym kupiła mleko. A: no switch B: * A: no switch B: Ö unacceptable

(2) DETcovert, NUM + NPL, NUM, MASC/NEUT, NOM + (English/Polish)

ex. Q18 I had to go to Ø sklep. Mama poprosiła, żebym kupiła mleko. A: no switch B: * A: no switch B: Ö in-between

(3) DETcovert, NUM + NPL, NUM, FEM, NOM + (English/Polish)

ex. Q19 I had to go to Ø brama. Mama poprosiła, żebym otworzył. A: no switch B: * A: no switch B: Ö unacceptable

The Table 4.3 differs from 4.1 and 4.2 because of the fact that the determiner is not overt but covert. The Table shows that unlike in Table 4.2, there is no acceptable code-switching found. Moreover, the in-between choices marked grey indicate that the nominative case has preference over the genitive case marking and again the feminine gender is marked (compare examples (2) and (3) in Table 4.2). However, the masculine and neuter form are seen as neither bad nor perfect, contrary to the example (2) in Table 4.2.

Lastly, as aforementioned in the introduction to this chapter, the A and B options reveal that if the determiner is seen as a Polish zero determiner, then there is obviously no switch as the noun is Polish as well. However, if it was an English determiner, it would be

ungrammatical in this position. Nevertheless, if one puts aside the ungrammaticality of the zero determiner in this context, then the predictions of both approaches can be reviewed. The Minimalist Approach correctly predicts the ill-formedness of the sentences, as the determiner

is an English determiner with only one number feature, while the Polish noun has gender, case and number. The MLF wrongly predicts the well-formedness of all the sentences in question as the only criterion this framework takes into consideration is that the determiner would come from the Matrix Language.

Table 4.4 Results: Polish ML, DØ-NEN + (English/Polish)

The different conditions as test cases Predictions Minimalist Approach Predictions MLF Approach Results

(1) DET covert, NUM+ NEN, NUM, MASC/FEM1

+ (English/Polish)

ex. Q27 Musiałem iść do Ø shop. My mum asked me to buy milk. A: Ö B: no switch A: Ö B: no switch unacceptable /in-between

(2) DET covert, NUM + NEN, NUM, NEUT1 + (English/Polish)

ex. Q29 Musiałem iść do Ø cinema. I had to see that great movie. A: Ö B: no switch A: Ö B: no switch 7

In Tables 4.4, not English (as in 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3) but Polish is the Matrix Language. First of all, the results unveil that the language of the sentence following the code-switched sentence does not make any difference. Moreover Table 4.4 demonstrates that, as opposed to the sentences in Table 4.2, only neuter and not masculine gender is unmarked (analysing the English nouns as having the gender features of their Polish equivalent):

(31) Musiałem iść do Ø cinema. I had to see that great movie.

Moreover, if the covert determiner is seen as an English determiner, no switch takes place as the following noun is English as well. However, if the covert determiner is seen as the Polish equivalent of the English covert determiner, both frameworks predict well-

formedness of all cases. According to the Minimalist Approach, the derivation does not fail as the Polish determiner has at least the same number of features as the English noun. MLF frameworks predict that all sentences would be well-formed as the Polish determiner would come from the Polish Matrix Language. However, both frameworks are only partially right as case (1) is ill-formed contra their predictions and (2) is well-formed, which has to do with the neuter gender of the English equivalent of Polish noun.