REMATES JUDICIALES
COMUNICACION INTEGRADA S.A
50. Ibid.i p. 82.
62. Ibid.i p. 148. I find "tidy, canonical mind" insulting to Innocant's intalliganca.'
52. Ibid., p. 31.
53. This is clear from Gaoffray of Villahardouin's narrative, Conouete da Constantinopla. Ed. Natalia da Wailly (Paris, 1 8 M )
,
p. A6: 4,Etdontat
dreca uns abas de Vala daI'ordre da Cistiala, at lor diat: Saignor, ja vot
dattant, de par 1'Apostoile da Rons, qua vos ne aasaillia* casta cit/i car ala ast da creations, at voa iaataa
peralln.
64. Achilla Luchaira, Innocent III, vol. IV: La question d*Orient (Paris, 1907).
65. Donald E. Ou.ll.r, The Fourth Cruaada: Tht Conquest of Constantinople 1201-1204 (Philadelphia, 1977).
66. Luchalre, Innocent 111 I, p. 33.
67. Luchairs, La auestion d fOrient, p p. 99-101. 68. Ibid
.•
p*
116.69. Ernest Barker, the Crusades (London, 1923). 70. Ibid
*i p.
70.71. Ibid., p. 73. 72. Ibid.
73. Charlas Di.hl, "Th. Fourth Cruaada and tha Latin Empire Caabrldaa Madiaval Kiatory IV (Haw York, 1923).
74. Ibid.
,
p. 415. 75. Ibid., p. 418.76. Ruftwinan, A History of the Crusades III,
p.
130. 77. Ibid., p. 114.71. Ibid., p. 115.
n.
ibid., p. 117.m.
I M d . In this seggestion, Runciman resembles Tillmann.• i .
Ibid., p.
130.<2 tfilliaa N. Daly, "Chrlatlan Fraternity, tha Cruaadara, and d * Security of Conatantlnople 1097-1204
1
Tha Fraearioua fa*vi*ai af an Ideal." Madiaval Studlaa XXII (I960)! 43-91 13. I M d . ,p.
7*.•4.
I
b id^rp P m•4 .
tJ
dAscter fees* shlch provides a rather different perspectivem
tlM cm r i i ( a m l y the influence of relics) is49
crolsada vara Constantinople (Paris, 19SS).
86. Edgar H. McNael and Robert Lea Wolff, "The Fourth Cru sade," In Kenneth M. Satton, A History of the Cruaades II (Philadelphia, 1962): 154^155.
87. Dana C. Munro, "The Popea and the Crusades," Procaadlnas of the American Philosophical Society LV no. 5 (1916):
348-356. Although brief, and rather old, this article offers a good analysis of the papal role in the crusades. Munro explains the ways in which the crusades affected the power of the popes, and how conpletely papal aspira tions were frustrated. Munro's work leads to a fact worth remembering. Innocent's lack of control over the Fourth Crusade was no exceptional occurrence.
88. McNael and Wolff, "The Fourth Crusade," p. 154. 89. Ibid., p. 163.
90. Ibid., p. 175. 91. Ibid., p. 176.
92. Hana Eberhard Mayer, The Cruaadaa (1st German ed., 1965), trees. John Gillingham (Oxford, 1972). Equally worth
nothing is Paul Rousset, Hiatolre t o Croiaades (Faria, 1957).
93. Mayer, The Cruaadaa. p. 183. 94. Ibid., p. 187.
95. D. M. Nlcol, "The Fourth Crusade and the Greek and Latin Empires, 1204-61," Cambridge Medieval History IV (1966). 96. Ibid., p. 279.
97. Ibid., p. 280.
98. Ibid. The "least Christian," Nicol suggests, are the Venetians.
99. Ibid.
100. Charles M. Brand, Byiantium Confronts the West 1180-1204 (Cambridge, Mass., 1968)'
101. Ibid., p. v. "Tii* purpoM of this book is to analyst tha rotations between Western Europo and tha Bysantine Enpiro from 1180-1204; torn of tha underlying motivations of tha Fourth Cruaada will thus bacoaa avident."
102. Ibid., p. 229. 103. Ibid.
104. Kannath M. Satton, Tha Papacy and tha Lavant 1204-1371 (Philadelphia, 1976).
105. Ibid., p. 7.
106. Queller, The Fourth Cruaada. p. 71. 107. Ibid., p. 107.
108. Donald E. Quallar's artlcla, "Innocant III and tha Crusadar- Vsnatian treaty of 1201," Medievally at Humanistica (1963): 31-34, cantors on tha diaputa ovar a specific paaaaga in tha Oaata Innocantii. In this paaaaga, Innocant includaa a
qualification in his confirmation of tha treaty; tha cru- aadars vara not to harm Christians, " . . . unless perhaps they should wrongfully impede their paaaaga or yat another Juat or necessary causa should occur. . ." (p. 31).
This paaaaga has lad to much debate among scholars. Historian* hava divided over tha question of whether the Casta is reliable. Queller concludes that a strong
possibility exists that Innocent did qualify his confir- nation of the treaty, but this does not naeessarlly imply
that Innocent was fortelling tha future events of tha cru sade. As Queller explains, ". . . papal fears of fighting between western crusaders and Eastern Christians were well-
founded upon the experience of more than a century" (p. 34). 109. Queller, The Fourth Crusade, p. 53.
11Q. Ibid* 111. Ibid. 112. Ibid., p. 36. 115. Ibid., p. 78* 114. Ibid., p. 86. H i
51
115* Ibid.i p. 80.
116. Certainly, studies of Innocent's crusading ideas are valuable. One scholar to deal with this is Palner A. Throop, Criticise of the Crusadet A Study of Public
Opinion and Crusade (Amsterdam. 1940), p. 9. Throop gives insight into Innocent's plans to direct the crusade.
Throop dlscusaee Innocent's attempts to procure accurate and up-to-date information on the enemy land. ". . .
Innocent III was not of a temperament to let others direct what he had undertaken. It was because he
wished to plan. . .that he endeavored to determine the conditions existing in the territory he ardently
desired to conquer."
117. Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. Edgar Holmes McNeal (New York, 1936)■
118. This inevitability la suggested by many scholars. See, for example, Jonathon Riley-Smith, What Were the Crusades?
(London, 1977). Riley-Smlth explains the pope's theoreti- cal role as leader of the crusade, but he etreaaee that, in reality, " . . . a pope had very little control once an army was on the move and he could only watch helplessly if it was carried off course" (p. 52).
Also, see QuaHer, The Fourth Crusade, p. 8. "Innocent's vision of papal leadership wee already anachronistic in an increasingly secular aoelsty."
See elao Geoffrey Barraclough, The Medieval Papacy (Maw York, 1988), p. 115. . . the administrative machinery at the
SELECT PRIMARY SOURCES
Anonymous of Halbarstadt. Dt peregrinations In Grecian tt
adventu rsllquisrun ds Gracia llbcllus. Ed. Paul Riant. Exuviae sacraa Constantinonolltanae. I: 10-21.
Written largaly to varlfy aa genuine ralics which tha crusadars brought back, this aourca provides occasional details on the Fourth Crusade.
Anonymous of Langres. Hlstoria tranalatlonum ralicularum
s. Maaantis. Ed. Paul Riant. Exuviae sacraa Conatantl- Hopotitjnaf, U 22-34.
As above, a work mainly to authenticate relics.
Anonymous of Soiaaons. Da terra Iherosolimitena at ouomodo ab urbe Conatantinopolitana ad hanc eccleeian allate s w t reliouie. Ed. Paul Riant. Exuviae sacraa Con st ant inopolif. anas. I: 1-9.
Once again a chronicle emphasising relics, this
work is based on the participation of the bishop Nlvelon of Charlay. It must be kept in mind that when works are written by end for ecclesiastics, there will be no
criticism of Pope Innocent.
Chronicle of Novgorod (1016-1471), The. Trans. Robert Mlchell and Havlll Forbes in Camden Third Series. Vol xxv. London, 1914.
This chronicle is based on a collection of sources found In Russia. The chronicler writes an apology for Innocent's role in the crusade. '
Charles Hopf. Chronloues _ r u n , 1S73. pp. 86-92.
events of the fourth Crusade ere recorded with precision in this source, which is perhaps the journal of one of Boniface's friends.
Etneul at Bernard La Treaorier. Chronlcus. Ed. Louis da Mas Latrle. Paris, 1171.
A continuation of the chronicle of william of Tyre, written in Syria.
53
Gaata Innocent11 P. P. III. Ed. in Migne, PL. corivt lci-?2’'. An anonymous biography of Innocant. Thia aource ia valuable in that it complements tha popa's official records, but it la obvioualy biaacd. Tha biographer deeply adairad Innocent, and he painted a very roay picture of hla.
Hugh of St. Pol. Eoietola. Ed. in Annaleo Colonlanela maxial. M. G. H.. S. o'.. xvll: 812-14.
A letter written by Hugh of St. Pol, who was one of the higheat leaders in the crusade.
Innocent III. Eoiatolae. In Migne, PJ., cciviccxvii.
_______. leaiatrua de neaotlo Romani Innerli. In Migne, PL, CCXVI.
The letters to and from Innocent III are the elngle aoat valuable source on the pope's role in the Fourth Cruaade. However, taken alone, the pope'a correspondence can show a distorted picture of events. It Mist be
kept in Bind that the correapondance was an official papal record.
Nicetas Choniates. Hiatorla. Ed. Aloyslus van Olsten. 2 vols. Berlin and New York, 1975.
The source which beat represents the Greek point of view on the crusade. Choniates was a Bytantine statesaaa. Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay Pascal Guebln 1 vo.
Albiaanala
Paria,192(
Peter was a participant in the crusade and the nephew of Abbot Guy of Vaux-de-Cernay. Peter narrates
story of those crusaders who left the crusading and Bade their own way to the Holy Land, rather disobey papal connands.
Eagesta Pontlflcum Bomanorum. Ed. August Potthast. 2 vols. Berlin, 1874-75.
Potthast provides a brief descriptive of each papal letter, and a reference to where the aource nay be located.
Hlford. Bests Philippi Aunuati Prancorun Baals. In tec. Hist. Gaules, xvlit 1-62.
A trustworthy source on Philip 11, with a narration on the Fourth Crusade.
Robert of Auxerre. Chronieon. Ed, 0. Holder-Egger. H, G, H, Another chronicle on the Pourth Crusade, written by
u
cleric.Robert of Clerl, La Conouete de Conatantinople. Ed. Philippe Lauer. Paris, 1924, English trans. by Edgar H. McHeal, Heir York, 1936.
Robert of Clari was a simple knight who participated in the Fourth Crustue. His eyewitness account is a valuable source, for it offers information about the men in the ranks of the crusade (and hence their views on religion, the papacy, etc.). It must be remembered, however, that Robert is often misinformed on details of events; he was in the ranks of the crusaders, not among the leaders.
Roger of Hoveden. Chronica. Ed. William Stubbs. 4 vols. Rer. Brit. M. A. script.. LI. London, 1868-71.
A western chronicle on the crusade.
Vlllehardouln, Geoffrey of. La Conauete de Constantinople. Ed. Edmond Paral. 2 vols. Paris, 1938-39.
This chronicle is the most informative and reliable narrative on the Fourth Crusade. Vlllehardouln was
an active participant in the crusade, frequently
serving as spokesman and representative for the leaders of the crusade. His detailed, first-hand account is based on his experiences in the events of the crusade, and his writing style is clear and straightforward.
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