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3-10. There are different DZ dimension (in meters) criteria for different types of airborne operations and different types of USAF aircraft. Table 3-1, pages 3-4 through 3-6, provides the minimum sizes in peacetime for standard USAF aircraft. The DZ sizes in Table 3-1, pages 3-4 through 3-6, must be followed unless a waiver is issued. Tables 3-2 and 3-3, page 3-7, provide the

minimum DZ sizes for USAF SO or modified aircraft. During contingency or wartime missions, the SF element commander may waive DZ sizes. However, size requirements remain a joint responsibility of the air component commander (ACC) or Commander, Air Force Special Operations Forces (COMAFSOF), and the supported force commander. Commanders will use minimum size criteria when selecting DZs to support the ground tactical plan during training.

• Width. The DZ width should allow for minor computation errors in wind drift.

• Length. The absolute minimum DZ length depends on the ground dispersion pattern formed by the number of jumpers or cargo containers to be dropped. This pattern generally parallels the line of flight of the aircraft along the long axis of the DZ.

NOTE: For USAF unilateral operations, the 70-meter increase in length required for each additional parachutist may be computed from the point of impact rather than added to the total length of the minimum size DZ for one parachutist. Alternating door exit procedures for training (ADEPT) do not apply to unilateral USAF operations.

Table 3-1. Standard DZ Size Criteria CDS Using C-130 or C-27

Note: For visual formations (day and night), increase width by 92 m (46 m on each side).

Number of Containers

Table 3-1. Standard DZ Size Criteria (Continued) CDS Using C-141 or C-17 (Continued)

Number of Containers

High-Velocity (HV) CDS Using 12-, 22-, or 26-ft Ring-Slot Parachutes

Width ^{1, 2} Length ²

530 m One row of containers 604 m.

Altitude (AGL) up to 3,000 ft

Add 46 m to the trailing edge for each additional container or additional row of containers.

Altitude (AGL) Above 3,000 ft

Add 23 m to each side and 91m to each end of the DZ for every 1,000-ft increase in drop altitude.

9 or more containers: 1,739 m.

Altitude (AGL) Above 3,000 ft

Add 23 m to each side and 46 m to each end of the DZ for every 1,000-ft increase in drop altitude.

Table 3-1. Standard DZ Size Criteria (Continued)

Additional parachutist: Add 69 m to the trailing edge for each additional parachutist.

Additional platforms: For the C-130, add 366 m to the trailing edge for each additional platform. For the C-17, C-5, or C-141, add 457 m to the trailing edge for each additional platform. Add 23 m to each side and 46 m to each end for every 1,000-ft increase in altitude.

Altitude (AGL) Above 1,000 ft

Add 28 m to width and length for each 100 ft above 1,100 ft (14 m to each side and end of the DZ).

1 Adjustments on width are as follows:

a. For day visual formations, increase width by 92 m (46 m on each side).

b. For C-130 and C-141 station-keeping equipment (SKE) AWADS formation, increase width by 366 m (183 m on each side).

c. From official sunset to sunrise, increase width by 912 m for single-ship visual drops (46 m on each side) or 184 m for visual formations (92 m on each side).

2 For C-17 DZ size adjustment (more than one may be required):

a. For visual formations (day and night), increase width by 92 m (46 m on each side).

b. For night visual airdrop, increase width an additional 92 m (46 m on each side). DOES NOT APPLY TO AIRCRAFT PERFORMING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) DROPS.

c. For SKE HE/CDS formation, increase width by 366 m (183 m on each side).

d. C-17s require SKE to perform personnel formation airdrop. For personnel formations performing GPS drops below 1,000 ft AGL, the DZ width using center PI is 1,128 m for two-ship elements and 1,638 m for three-ship elements. When using offset PI, minimum width is 1,000 m for two-ship elements and 1,183 m for three-ship elements. Above 1,000 ft, add 28 m to width and length for each 100 ft above 1,000 ft.

e. Single-ship IMC drops have no adjustment below 1,000 ft. Above 1,000 ft, add 28 m to width and length for each 100 ft above 1,000 ft.

Table 3-2. Minimum DZ Criteria for Single-Ship SO Missions on Marked DZ Personnel

Note: For each additional parachutist, add 70 m to the DZ length.

Type Drop MC-130 AWADS C-130¹ C-141²

CARP 275 m x 275 m 550 m x 550 m 550 m x 550 m 550 m x 550 m GMRS 275 m x 275 m 275 m x 275 m 275 m x 275 m 275 m x 275 m HSLLADS/HSK

CARP and GMRS 275 m x 550 m NA NA NA

Recovery Kit

CARP and GMRS 180 m x 180 m 365 m x 365 m 365 m x 365 m NA

CDS Use the same dimensions as for a conventional platform, but add 50 m for each additional container.

HE Use the same dimensions as for a conventional platform.

1 For all C-130s, add 365 m to DZ length for each additional platform.

2 For C-141, add 460 m to DZ length for each additional platform.

NOTE: The above minimum DZ sizes are inclusive of the 100-m safety zones that are required by the Army at each end of the DZ.

Table 3-3. Minimum DZ Criteria for Single-Ship SO Missions on Unmarked DZ

Type Drop MC-130 AWADS C-130 C-141

Personnel 365 m x 550 m 550 m x 550 m 550 m x 550 m 550 m x 550 m Note: For each additional parachutist, add 70 m to the DZ length.

HSLLADS 274 m x 550 m NA NA NA

Recovery Kit 183 m x 183 m 183 m x 183 m 183 m x 183 m 183 m x 183 m CDS/CRS Use the same dimensions as for a conventional platform,

but add 50 m for each additional container.

HE Use the same dimensions as for a conventional platform.

NOTES:

1. For C-130, add 365 m to DZ length for each additional platform. For C-141, add 460 m to DZ length for each additional platform.

2. The minimum DZ sizes are inclusive of the 100-m safety zones that are required by the Army at each end of the DZ.

3. For all blind drops, add 37 m to each end of the DZ for each 100-ft increase in altitude above the minimum DZ altitude for the load being dropped.

4. During SO airdrops, the minimum DZ sizes shown above will normally apply unless precluded by mission requirements.

3-11. The SO DZ size criteria is dependent on the type of aircraft making the drop and whether or not the DZ is marked (Table 3-2). A marked DZ is defined as a DZ that has a PI or RP marked with a precoordinated visual or electronic signal. The PI is marked for CARP drops, and the RP is marked for GMRS drops. Standard DZ markings are raised angle markers (RAMs), VS-17 marker panels, visible lighting systems, and light beacons. Virtually any type of lighting or visual marking system is acceptable if all participating units are briefed and concur. Day marking or visual acquisition devices include, but are not limited to, colored smoke, mirror, railroad fusees, and any reflective or contrasting marker panel (for example, space blanket). In some cases, geographical points may be used. Night markings or acquisition aids may include a light gun, flares, fire pots, railroad fusees, flashlights, chemical lights, and infrared (IR) lighting systems. Electronic navigational aid (NAVAID) markings (zone marker [ZM], SST-181, tactical air navigation [TACAN], and so on) may be used for either day or night operations and placed as directed by mission requirements.

NOTE: DZs that are unmarked or obscured by weather are considered unmarked. The navigators confirm the DZ location and determine the RP by radar and onboard navigational equipment. The navigator determines drop accuracy by considering such factors as terrain, usable radar targets, and chart and equipment accuracy. The SO element for which the drop is being made will take responsibility for the accuracy of the airdrop when the DZ size does not meet the minimum criteria.

3-12. There is no minimum size for MFF DZs. However, an area 50 meters by 100 meters is recommended. The JM or commander must consider the experience level of the parachutists.