Concepto de juego, etimología, historia y clasificación de juegos

604

Monitoring of POPs in the Swedish aquatic ecosystem and in human milk

E. Nyberg, A. Bignert, S. Danielsson, Swedish Museum of Natural History; C. Ek, Department of Applied Environmental Science / Department of applied

environmental science

In the 1960s, the Baltic Sea was found to be severely polluted by persistent organic pollutants (POPs). These discoveries were the starting point of a continuous Swedish national monitoring program for contaminants in biological matrices, mainly from the marine and freshwater environment, with samples dated as far back in time as 1969. Today’s marine and freshwater monitoring programs consist of 32 lakes and 28 marine sites where matrices as perch, pike, arctic char, herring, cod, eelpout, blue mussel and egg from guillemot, oystercatcher and common tern are annually collected. In 1967, examination of human exposure to POPs was initiated by Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm through measurements in human milk from the area, and since 2007 milk has also been collected from Gothenburg in the southwest of Sweden. The milk samples were in 1997 transferred to the Environmental Specimen Bank at the Swedish Museum of Natural History. The main objectives of the monitoring program are to investigate changes over time, to estimate geographical differences and to assess compliances with set target values. Moreover, the program is designed to answer these different questions with a high statistical power. Since the start of the monitoring, concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, HCHs and HCB have decreased in fish and bird eggs from both the Baltic Sea and the Swedish freshwater environment. Several of the classical POPs have also decreased considerably in human milk. However, the non-linear trends differ between the monitoring matrices for several contaminants. In some cases the peak differs, and in others, concentration is levelling out for one matrix but continues to decrease for another. In addition, the concentrations of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs are, despite continuous decreases since the 1970’s, still higher in the Baltic Sea compared to, for example, the North Sea.

605

Jumping out of the frying pan and into the fire? Spatial and temporal trends for PBDE, Dechlorane Plus and alternative flame retardants in samples of the German environmental specimen bank

A. Dreyer, Eurofins GfA GmbH / Air Monitoring; F. Neugebauer, Eurofins GfA Lab Service GmbH / R&D; N. Lohmann, Eurofins GfA LabService GmbH; M. Paulus, Trier University; H. Ruedel, Fraunhofer IME - Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology / Department of Environmental Monitoring; C. Rauert, Umweltbundesamt / International Chemicals Management; J. Koschorreck, Umweltbundesamt

In the last century, conventional brominated flame retardants (FR) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were identified as persistent organic pollutants and subsequently regulated. Novel or alternative FRs were introduced as their replacements to meet ongoing market demands. Many of these alternative FRs are also highly chlorinated or brominated and their fate and effects in the environment may be similar to those of their regulated counterparts. Until now there are only few comprehensive data sets about alternative FRs in the environment, particularly for Germany. In order to provide for a systematic

overview about the current state of contamination of the German environment to FRs, a large set of terrestrial, freshwater and marine samples from the German environmental specimen bank were analysed for 45 FRs (PBDEs, Dechlorane Plus and brominated aromates, brominated ethers, cyclic BFRs). The substances will be discussed with respect to their spatial occurrence in the environment (including different matrices as well as land use and ecosystem types), their substance patterns and their bioaccumulation potential. Sample series going back to the 1980s, e.g. from coastal herring gull eggs, freshwater fish, tree leaves and roe deer will be used to illustrate time trends for regulated flame retardants and their substitutes. Recommendations will be given to European and international chemical management.

606

New Uses of Archived Specimens from the U.S.A. NIST Marine Environmental Specimen Bank

R. Pugh, C. Bryan-Sallee, W. Davis, J. Lynch, B.A. Neely, J. Ness, S. Schuur, National Institute of Standards and Technology / Chemical Sciences Division The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been involved in the long-term archival of biological and environmental specimens for over 40 years. Specimens originally intended for monitoring geographic and temporal trends in emerging contaminants as well as changes in transport and accumulation of legacy contaminants have added value today. Tissue and fluid specimens from marine animals, including mammals, seabirds, sea turtles, bivalves, fish, coral and coral ecosystems, collected through various projects are archived at the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank (Marine ESB), Hollings Marine Laboratory, in Charleston, South Carolina, USA, using standardized protocols for collecting, processing, and cryogenic storage. The protocols ensure a high quality sample is provided for downstream analysis that is fit-for-purpose and that homogenous aliquots are uniform, reproducible, and stable over time. New investigations exploring if the standardized protocols, 1) affect the quality and suitability of RNA for genetic expression studies and, 2) are feasible in determining trends in concentrations of perfluorinted alkyl acids (PFAAs) retrospectively, using samples stored and processed in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) based materials, have recently been conducted. In addition, alternative uses of these cryopreserved specimens including, 1) a detailed proteomic profiling of tissues used to evaluate a new high-coverage well-scaffolded genome, and 2) the discovery of using total mercury as an alternate method to genetic species identification, have also been conducted and will be discussed.

607

Monitoring of the indoor environment of ESB laboratories with selected target and non-target screening methods

P. Bohlin Nizzetto, Norwegian Institute for Air Research; M. Schlabach, A. Halse, P. Rostkowski, NILU Norwegian Institute for Air Research

The environmental specimen banks (ESBs) handles and store a wide range of high-quality samples with a main objective to perform retrospective analyses of newly identified contaminants (chemicals of emerging concern, CECs). It is of highest importance that the samples in the ESBs are representative of its environment and not contaminated during handling and storage. Strict quality assurance (QA) protocols are applied at the individual ESBs, including specially dedicated laboratories, no use of personal-care products, cleaning routines and more. More complicated to control is the indoor air and dust in the laboratories and storage locations. Building materials and indoor objects may contain and further emit or release CECS to the indoor environment. To evaluate this we have taken indoor air and dust samples from two European ESBs. Air samples were taken using passive air samplers while dust samples were taken using wet wipes on horizontal surfaces (not floors). Four room types were included at each ESB; main laboratory, changing room, storage room, and a corridor. The results show that several of the non-regulated CECs are found at high levels in the indoor matrices. These include: chlorinated paraffins, new flame retardants, and siloxanes. In contrast, regulated contaminants (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs,

polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs) are found at low levels. Weather the high levels observed in indoor air and dust affect the ESB samples or not is to be further studied but the findings highlight an important aspect to take into consideration in the QA protocols of ESB.

608

DNA banking and its relevance for biodiversity research

J. Astrin, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig

Within their genomes, the organisms on our planet contain an immense wealth of information about the diversity of life. These genomes conserve the code to identify organisms, comprehend population structures, etc. Fast progress in molecular technologies dramatically speeds up research on genetic biodiversity and increases the demand for professionally preserved and managed genome-quality samples in many disciplines, e.g. in ecology, conservation biology, etc. Biodiversity biobanks cater specifically to these demands, and in a standardized way. Environmental samples collected periodically by ESBs following defined routines constitute a very valuable source of DNA for biodiversity research, as they keep open a window that allows the parallel, correlative analysis of the chemical and of the species community composition of a given environment over time. Through species

identification via DNA barcoding and high throughput sequencing, such samples can be most helpful in documenting and interpreting environmental change. Accumulated snippets of free DNA in soil or water samples (freshly collected or from ESBs), so-called environmental or eDNA, enable the comprehensive appraisal of species compositions in a multitude of environments. DNA extracted from ESB samples should be deposited in dedicated DNA banks in order to make this resource available to the scientific community and the fast-evolving DNA analysis methodologies (which may prompt repeated analyses of samples over time, with ever-increasing amounts of genomic data recovered). Thus, by adding DNA banking to their service spectrum, ESBs can considerably increase their visibility and public demand. Furthermore, they can foster knowledge aggregation at the biodiversity level around their ESB samples, making these more valuable.

609

Discussion on environmental specimen banking in research and regulation

Hazard and exposure assessment of chemical mixtures: steps

towards increasing the realism of chemical risk assessment

(II)

610

Poster spotlight: TH273, TH288, TH285

611

Environmental risk assessment of multiple stressors - chemicals and ionizing radiation

K. Petersen, NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research; J. Brown, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority; K. Tollefsen, NIVA / Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment

Increased focus on cumulative effects of pollutants in the environment has led to development of several methods for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of chemical mixtures and for ionizing radiation. Even though no generic impact and risk assessment model exists to accommodate different types of stressors (e.g. multiple stressors such as radiation, metals and organic compounds), larger harmonization and integration of approaches taken can be achieved to improve and combine the existing models for ERA of chemical mixtures and for ionizing radiation from radionuclides. Here we present a potential 2-tired approach for risk assessment of multiple stressors by assuming additivity of chemicals and ionizing radiation as a first approach in order to combine a framework for ERA of chemical mixtures with the ERICA-tool for ERA of radionuclides. The proposed approach was applied to a real case scenario: emission from decommissioning of old oil platforms performed on-shore close to Vatsfjorden (Norway). Several metals, NORMs and organic pollutants are monitored as part of the activity. Effect data for the monitored compounds were compiled from various databases and literature. The Tier 1 identified a cumulative environmental risk of the stressors, and several metals and organics had a risk quotient above 1 (preliminary data). The potential for a cumulative environmental risk was verified in Tier 2 where species group specific risk was investigated. Metals were identified as the main risk drivers for algae, crustaceans and fish, where fish was identified as the most sensitive species group for this exposure scenario. Based on the used exposure scenario, compiled effect data and the suggested approach for ERA of multiple stressors, a potential environmental risk was observed. The main challenges and uncertainties for the proposed approach are linked to exposure data in terms of speciation and bioavailability; time consuming and subjective effect data compilation and assumption of additivity of ionizing radiation and chemical stressors. The approach for estimating environmental risk of multiple stressors requires validation through experimental studies, but could already serve as a suitable tool for prioritization of stressors and organisms of concern, and to identify knowledge-gaps in terms of exposure and effect data. Acknowledgements: The project was funded from NRC project 223268 (CERAD) and in-kind from Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)

612

Assessing health risk associated with micro-pollutant mixtures in drinking water: an innovative combination of in vivo and in vitro assays and analytical screenings

Y. Levi, Univ. Paris Sud / ESE UMR 8079; J. Loret, o. schlosser, CIRSEE Suez Environment; a. guillon, Suez / CIRSEE; m. favier, INSERM Institut Cochin; v. domergue dupont, Université Paris Sud; M. Bimbot, V. Huteau, Univ. Paris-Sud / UMR ESE; m. plewa, b. marinas, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Assessing health risks associated with organic micropollutants in drinking water is a major challenge for public health and improvement of the drinking water production units. Given the low concentrations, the diversity of emerging contaminants and chronic exposure, it is essential to combine chemical analysis with biotests. In vitro bioassays or in vivo tests on aquatic animals allow effect

screenings but interpretation for health risk assessment is difficult. We have designed an innovative research program (to our knowledge, the first of its kind applied to drinking water) that aimed to simulate human life-long exposure to micro-pollutants in drinking water for in vivo tests on mammals... Over 4 seasons, we have concentrated by 100 the organic fraction from large volumes of 4 types of water: river water, drinking water produced by a treatment plant with this raw water, reverse osmosis-treated water and bottled mineral water. 2 generations of mice (10 males, 10 females for each type of water) were fed with concentrates during a 1 year period, in order to reproduce in the animals, the exposure as a man drinking the water over 70 years. We carried out complete chemical analysis (quantitative targeted analysis, innovative non-targeted screening by HPLC and GC-2D with mass spectrometry), offering a new vision of the contaminants diversity. In vitro bioassays were used to evaluate endocrine disrupting effects (ER and AR recept.), cell toxicity tests (mammalian and Microtox) and genotoxicity on CHO cell assay. Mice growth, survival rate and behavior in open field and in elevated plus maze were studied. Histological analysis on 19 organs and blood hormonal assays were performed. This complete and innovative protocol did not show significant difference of survival rate and growth between the four mice groups. In contrast, histological and hormonal effects were observed in the mice exposed to the raw river water concentrates as opposed to the mice exposed to the waters of better quality. Several tests suggested a greater sensitivity of the 2nd-generation mice as compared with the 1st-generation. Biotests confirmed the overall good quality of the treated water, whatever the treatment process, despite the presence of organic micropollutants. The presentation will show the detailed protocol and the major conclusions of the study. This work, allowed health risk assessment with regard to long-term exposure to real mixtures of organic pollutants in drinking water.

613

The application of DGT to assess the risk of metal mixtures in polar environments

D. Koppel, University of Wollongong / Chemistry; M.S. Adams, CSIRO; C.K. King, Australian Antarctic Division; D.F. Jolley, University of Wollongong / School of Chemistry

Contaminants predominantly occur in mixtures, posing a challenge to environmental management practices which are usually based on single-contaminant toxicity. Chemical interactions of the contaminants and non-specific biological responses to these mixtures may result in effects that differ from the sum of the toxicity of individual components. These differences can be classed as antagonism (less toxicity than expected from the sum of the individual contaminants in the mixture), non-interaction (toxicity equal to that expected from the sum of individual contaminants), and synergism (more toxicity than expected from the sum of individual contaminants). Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) has been established as a robust method for analysing the biologically-available contaminants in situ and is well-positioned to assess the toxicity of contaminant mixtures. This study explores the use of DGT (with a Chelex-100 resin) to assess the toxicity of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in mixtures, to two common Antarctic marine microalgae, Phaeocystis antarctica and Cryothecomonas armigera.

Non-interactive and synergistic toxicity were observed in the two algal species in response to increasing multiples of an environmental mixture (where the ratios of metals were based on reported concentrations at a historically contaminated Antarctic marine bay). Non-interactive toxicity was observed in response to an equitoxic mixture (five metals at their EC10 concentrations), as determined by Independent Action and Concentration Addition modelling. DGT measured concentrations were able to predict toxicity to the two algae at environmentally realistic contaminant concentrations. The use of DGT in Antarctica was validated by field deployments to sediments and waters of the near-shore coastal environment of a contaminated site around an Australian Antarctic research station. Their use in assessing the risk of historical contaminants to the polar environment is discussed.

614

Ecotoxicity testing of environmentally realistic contaminant mixtures using passive samplers: what can we learn from repeating toxicity tests over an extended period of time?

S. Moeris, Ghent University (UGent) / Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology; F. Vanryckeghem, Ghent University / Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology; S. Huysman, Ghent University; K. Demeestere, Ghent University / Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology - Research Group EnVOC; L. Vanhaecke, Ghent University / Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety; H. Van Langenhove, Ghent University / Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology; C.R. Janssen, Ghent University / Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology; K. De Schamphelaere, Ghent University (UGent) / Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology

In current environmental risk assessment, researchers assess effects caused by single substances to single species and extrapolate for realistic conditions where organisms are usually exposed to complex contaminant mixtures. The use of passive sampling opens new possibilities to work with such mixtures and to transfer them into biotest systems by either applying passive dosing (for equilibrium based samplers) or extract spiking (for integrative samplers). Our research objective was to investigate whether or not environmentally realistic contaminant mixtures