Sobre el concepto de Paz y No violencia

Performance in business is termed as the accomplishment of a given task measured against preset known standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed. It‟s also the degree to which a feat is being or has been accomplished (Prahalad & Hamel, 1990; Parker, 2000). For instance, the level of success of a salesperson in achieving the monthly goal of fulfilling orders for new customers. It can also be termed as the return provided by an investment or satisfying an obligation. In today's rapidly changing market environment, organizations aiming at high performance must continually evaluate whether their plans and actions are on target and if the organization is designed to successfully implement the necessary plans. According to Nayak and Nahak (2011), in order to survive and succeed, firms need to set strategic directions, establish goals, execute decisions and monitor their state and behavior as they move towards their goal.

According to Cepeda and Vera (2007), once a firm has dynamic capabilities, then it must perform well, and no firm should perform well without dynamic capabilities. Therefore, there is a direct link between dynamic capabilities and performance. On the other hand, some authors link dynamic capabilities to performance, with the assertion that the link is indirect. Zott (2003) argues that dynamic capabilities are indirectly linked to firm performance. This is because dynamic capabilities seek to change a firm‟s resources, operational routines and competencies and in turn affect economic performance. Similarly, based on RBV, Bowman and Ambrosini (2003), suggest that the VRIN resource base is directly linked to rents, but since dynamic capabilities are one step removed from rent generation, their effect is indirect.

Nevertheless, other scholars have decoupled the notion of dynamic capabilities and performance, arguing that dynamic capabilities do not necessarily lead to competitive advantage (Helfat et al., 2007). They reason that while the dynamic capabilities may change the resource base, this renewal may not necessarily be valuable and may not create any VRIN resources, which means that the new set may either give competitive parity or be irrelevant to the market. Thus, the effect of dynamic capabilities on competitive advantage and performance may be negative. While de-linling dynamic capabilities from competitive advantage, Helfat et al., (2007) suggest that the performance of dynamic capabilities should be evaluated and propose two measures to do so: use of evolutionary fitness (how well the capability enables the firm to make a living by creating, extending, or modifying its resource base); and technical fitness (the quality dimension of capability performance). The latter captures how effectively a capability performs its intended function.

Adaptation of the resource stock of the firm is required even where an essentially stable environment is perceived. Although the rate of change is slow and the extent of change is limited, the requirement for incremental adjustments and improvements to the resource stock of the firm remains important (Ambrosini et al., 2009). Thus, even in stable environments, there is likely to be a need for continuous improvement. However, the resource stock would not be transformed through these change processes but would be incrementally adjusted and adapted. In this relatively stable context, continuous improvement is sufficient to ensure that the resource stock maintains its value. Continuous improvement relates to the continual adjustments that a firm makes to its products or operations (Bessant & Caffyn, 1997).

Incremental dynamic capabilities describes processes that affect changes, albeit incrementally, to the resource base of the firm. This suggests that dynamic capabilities do not only occur in a rapidly changing environment alone but also in more stable market contexts (Eisenhardt & Martin, 2000). Dynamic capabilities are simple and iterative and rely on the incremental and continuous improvement of existing resources. These incremental dynamic capabilities are likely to be repeatable and embedded in the firm (Helfat & Peteraf, 2003; Helfat et al., 2007). Hence, although dynamic capability brings an adaptive change to the resource base, the ways these changes take place do not change.

Renewing dynamic capabilities arise from the incremental DC and this presumed the use of DC to gain SCA in dynamic market environments. These dynamic capabilities are utilized to sustain a rent stream in changing environments. They refresh and renew the nature of the resource stock rather than incrementally adapt it. They are

needed because resource-based advantages in dynamic environments may well be rapidly eroded. If no attempts are made to refresh the resource stock, resource advantages can become disadvantages as the environment shifts (Ambrosini et al., 2009). As Leonard-Barton (1995) explains, valuable resources can become core rigidities if they are not modified, combined with different equipment or extended for new use, such as developing new product lines.

Renewing of dynamic capabilities is not merely about continual incremental changes but is concerned with modifying the resource stock so as to alter its utility, leading to sustained rent generation. It‟s essential for a firm to continue sustaining dynamic capabilities so as to sustain a resource base that allows earning a rent (Winter, 2003). The cost of sustaining dynamic capabilities is most probably inevitable for any firm in a dynamic environment (Bowman & Ambrosini, 2003). Some firms may try to avoid incurring these costs, but by doing so, they risk being unable to appropriately renew their resource base.

Regenerative dynamic capabilities are likely to be deployed by firms which perceive their environment to be turbulent, where external changes are non-linear and discontinuous (D‟Aveni, 1994). As Zahra et al., (2006) explained, firms in volatile environments need to reconfigure their set of valuable resources continually and also need to be able to have the capacity to modify their current dynamic capabilities. The presence of these regenerative dynamic capabilities can be inferred, as it may help explain why some firms find success in the face of environmental turbulence where their competitors fail (Danneels, 2002). Many firms facing a discontinuous environment are not able to overcome their own organizational inertia and thus fail because they have not changed themselves internally (Gilbert, 2005).

The purpose of regenerative dynamic capabilities would be to embed new, or to improve extant, dynamic capabilities (Ambrosini et al., 2009). Like any other dynamic capabilities, regenerative dynamic capabilities come in many forms. These forms might involve restructuring, learning, and leverage. The key distinction is that whereas renewing capabilities operate directly on the resource base, regenerative capabilities impact on the renewing or incremental dynamic capabilities.