Capítulo II. Comparación entre el DCN y el currículo nacional del nivel de educación
2.1 El diseño curricular nacional 2009 (DCN)
2.1.2 Conceptualización
In the United States, for more than 150 years, the show ring has been a “ major infl uencer ” of breeding programs in all species of livestock. The opportunity to showcase the best animals that an exhibitor owns or produces, and having the animals evaluated by a competent and unbiased professional judge compared with contempo- raries in the show ring, is an important part of the livestock show scene of animal agriculture in the U.S. and around the world.
A goat show is an event usually associated with a fair or livestock exposition where goat breeders and exhibitors display their animals for evaluation and comparison by a professional judge. Goat shows can have three distinct and different components — breeding animals, market animals, and showmanship where the exhibitor is judged.
The majority of shows are for breeding animals. Judges use specifi c scorecards to evaluate animals (Table 5.1 ). Scorecards are numerical guides used by professional judges to evaluate animals in the show ring. They are especially important for evaluation of dairy - and fi ber - type goats. These shows are for does and bucks, and the animals are evaluated on their merits as replacement animals for the goat herd to be placed into production as meat, milk, or fi ber animals.
Some goat shows are for market animals for sales and dispersals at which the animals are evaluated on their merit as being ready for harvest and consumption. Traditionally wethers (nonintact males) make up the majority of animals in these shows, although other animals often are allowed to compete.
The remaining component, showmanship, is a sport and is traditionally limited to youthful exhibitors (usually members of 4 - H, Future Farmers of America [FFA], or junior members of national breed registries). In this
1 functional teat 1 milk channel Functional teats Split teats Cluster teats Fishtail teats 1 functional teat 1 milk channel 1 nonfunctional teat 2 functional teats 2 milk channels Split teats Cluster teats
Fishtail teats Fishtail teats 1 nonfunctional teat Cluster teats
Cluster teats Split teats
Split teats Split teats
Figure 5.10 Different teat structures.
competition, the exhibitors are evaluated on the ability to showcase their animals ’ strongest traits, without drawing attention to or showcasing themselves in the show ring. Other criteria considered for evaluation of the youthful exhibitors are the abilities to handle, manage, and control the animal while being exhibited, as well as mannerisms and courtesies displayed in the show ring to the judge and other exhibitors. Often, the judge will ask questions of the exhibitor to ascertain the working knowledge and degree of involvement the youthful exhibitor has in their “ project ” animal. In showmanship, the conformation of the animals is not evaluated, only the exhibitors and their ability and knowledge. The animal ’ s behavior (in the show ring and under the control of the exhibitor) does however play an
important role in the partnership of animal and the exhibi- tor that is evaluated in showmanship.
SUMMARY
This chapter summarizes the three types of goats and the importance of knowing and understanding correct and appropriate terminology of the external parts of goats. It is important to know and understand phenotype or visual selection criteria to identify superior animals. Topics covered are size, volume (body capacity), sex characteris- tics, and phenotype characteristics of meat, dairy, and fi ber types of goats. Points about mouth, teats, and body condi- tion scoring are also covered. In addition, the show - ring aspect of goat production is briefl y discussed.
Spine not detectable, fat dimple over spine
Body Condition Score 5. Obese. The spinous process cannot be detected, covered with extreme fat. The loin eye muscle is also covered with extreme fat.
Transverse process cannot be felt Fat cover thick
Muscles full
Body Condition Score 4. Fat. The spinous process is very smooth and well-rounded. The loin eye muscle has a thick fat cover.
Fat cover dense Muscles very full
Transverse process not detectable Transverse process smooth, rounded
Fingers need hard pressure to find ends
Body Condition Score 3. Average.
The spinous process is smooth and rounded, covered with fat. The loin eye muscle has some fat cover.
Muscles full
Figure 5.11 Body condition scores from 1 to 5 for goats.
REFERENCES
Kentucky Governor ’ s Offi ce of Agricultural Policy . Goat Diversifi cation Program . http://agpolicy.ky.gov/funds/ documents/goat_amendment8_040220.shtml (Accessed May 6, 2008).
Richardson , C. 2005 . Reproduction News: Kidding rates of goats affected by low body energy reserves under range
conditions of northern Mexico . Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs. http://www.omaf.gov. on.ca/english/livestock/goat/news/srs0501a2.htm . (Accessed May 12, 2008).
Small Ruminant Pocket Guide . 2006 . Extension Publication . AN - 1296. Alabama Cooperative Extension System , Auburn University, AL .
89 Medial — toward the median plane.
Lateral — opposite to the medial, away from the median plane. Cranial — toward the head, for the limbs proximal to carpus and tarsus. Caudal — toward the tail, for the limbs proximal to carpus and tarsus. Rostral — toward the nose, applied to the head only.
Palmar — the caudal aspect of carpus, metacarpus, and digits. Plantar — the caudal aspect of tarsus, metatarsus, and digits.
Proximal — near the origin in the limbs, tail, and for the penis, the attached end. Distal — away from the origin in the limbs, tail, and for the penis, the free end. Axis — the central line of the body or any anatomical structure.
Axial — toward the axis; in referring to the digits, the axis of the limb passes between the third and fourth digits, therefore, the axial aspect of each digit faces the axis.
Abaxial — away from the axis; in referring to the digits, the abaxial aspect of each digit faces away from the axis. OBJECTIVES
By completing this chapter, the reader will acquire knowledge on:
•
That there is an international terminology for all anatomical structures called Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria•
The differences between the several types of bones of the skeleton, and the role of different groups of muscles•
The parts of the horn and of the hoof•
The differences between the four compartments of the heart and between arteries and veins•
The role of the respiratory passages and the respiratory organs•
The anatomy and functionality of the prediaphragmatic and the postdiaphragmatic digestive systems•
The reproductive system in association with the urinary system, reproductive organs including essential organs, excretory passages, tubular genital organs, external genital organs, and annex glands
•
The structure and function of the placenta and mammary glands•
The difference between the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems•
The location and role of the endocrine glands•
The difference between the sense organsINTRODUCTION
Etymologically, “ anatomy ” comes from the Greek “ anatome , ” dissection ( ana , apart + tome , a cutting). Anatomy is that branch of the biological sciences that deals with the body parts. The “ functional anatomy ” is the anatomy studied in its relation to function. It is our percep- tion that functional anatomy is the most appropriate term for this book. Anatomy can be studied from several perspec- tives, therefore, it is named accordingly, such as descriptive, topographic, regional, functional, systematic, etc.
Functional anatomy includes the following systems: skeletal, articular, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, nervous, and immune
systems. In addition, the horn and the digital organ, the mammary gland, the endocrine glands, and the sense organs are covered. Before the skeletal system, only illus- trations depicting the anatomical regions of the goat are shown.
Considering that anatomy is the basic knowledge in morphological studies, the decision was made to restrict the content of this chapter to the gross anatomical struc- tures. Those interested in histological and ultrastructural aspects of different tissues are invited to consult adequate books (for example, Eurell and Frappier, 2008 ).
The anatomical regions of the goat are illustrated in Figures 6.1 to 6.6 .
interdigital space
Figure 6.2 Anatomical regions, cranial aspect of the body. cranial abdominal r. middle abdominal r. caudal abdominal r. udder r. umbilical r. xiphoid r. hypochondrial r.
Figure 6.3 Anatomical regions, ventral aspect of the body, female goat.
anal r. tuber ischiadicum r. urogenital r.
scrotal r.
perineal r.
Figure 6.4 Anatomical regions, caudal aspect of the body, male goat.
anal r. caudal r.
tuber ischiadicum r.
supramammary r. perineal r.
urogenital r.
Figure 6.5 Anatomical regions, caudal aspect of the body, female goat.