Conceptualización del involucramiento de producto y la lealtad de marca

To proceed with this paragraph you should feel confident with the simple tenses of this verb (paragraph 4.3).

For an introduction to these tenses, see paragraph 4.2.

As explained in paragraph 4.2, compound tenses are made of two parts: an auxiliary verb (used in one of the simple tenses previously discussed) and the actual verb (used in past participle tense).

Essere (to be) is a transitive verb, so avere (to be) should be used as an auxiliary verb; but essere is a very irregular verb, so as an exception, the same verb essere is also used as the auxiliary one.

The past participle of the verb essere is stato (irregular). Actually, stato is the regular past participle of the verb stare = to stay, to be (phisically), which is though used also by essere, because often the meaning of these two verbs overlaps.

The verb stare will be dealt with more in depth in paragraph 20.1 PASSATO PROSSIMO

This tense is made by present + past participle:

singular plural

1st person (io) sono stato I have been siamo stati we have been

2nd person (tu) sei stato you have been (singular) siete stati you have been (plural) 3rd person (egli) è stato he/it has been sono stati they have been As will be explained more in detail in paragraph 6.7, when essere acts as an auxiliary verb for a past participle, as in this case, the latter becomes gender- and number-sensitive: when stato is referred to

feminine gender it becomes (essa) è stata (she has been), while their plurals are (essi) sono stati (they have been) and (esse) sono state (they feminine have been).

è stato un bello spettacolo = it has been a nice show

sono state settimane terribili = they have been terrible weeks

è stata la segretaria del ministro = she has been the secretary of the minister tutti noi siamo stati giovani = all of us have been young

TRAPASSATO PROSSIMO

This tense is made by imperfect + past participle:

singular plural

1st person (io) ero stato I had been (noi) eravamo stati we had been

2nd person (tu) eri stato you had been (singular) (voi) eravate stati you had been (plural) 3rd person (egli) era stato he/it had been (essi) erano stati they had been

Actions expressed by this tense have taken place in the past, translating the English form "I had been". Once again, for feminine and plural the past participle changes its inflections in stata, stati, state. eri stato allo zoo = you (masculine) had been to the zoo

ero stata a Roma quattro volte = I (feminine) had been to Rome four times eravamo stati al museo = we (masculine) had been to the museum

TRAPASSATO REMOTO

This tense is made by past perfect + past participle.

singular plural

1st person (io) fui stato I had been (noi) fummo stati we had been

2nd person (tu) fosti stato you had been (singular) (voi) foste stati you had been (plural) 3rd person (egli) fu stato he had been (essi) furono stati they had been Due to the fact that the verb essere acts both as an auxiliary verb and as a main verb, this tense is not commonly used, and other forms (which will be discussed further on) are more commonly used to express the same concept.

Remember the change of inflection for feminine and plurals (stata, stati, state). FUTURO ANTERIORE

This tense is made by future + past participle:

singular plural

1st person (io) sarò stato I will have been (noi) saremo stati we will have been 2nd person (tu) sarai stato you will have been (sing.) (voi) sarete stati you will have been (pl.) 3rd person (egli) sarà stato he/she/it will have been (essi) saranno stati they will have been

The futuro anteriore can express two concepts:

• when used in a future sentence, it indicates an action that has already happened by that time: tomorrow, by 10 o'clock, you will have gone to work.

• more often, this tense expresses the chance that an action has already been carried out, but we have no proof of it, or we are not sure:

sarà stato a Firenze = he might have been to Florence sarà stata a Londra = he might have been to London

saranno state in casa = they (feminine) might have been at home sarà stato un incidente = it might have been an accident

saranno stati in cinque = they might have been five (people)

A similar concept of chance is sometimes expressed also by simple future tense, as explained in paragraph 4.3 .

6.2

THE VERB AVERE

PART II

COMPOUND INDICATIVE TENSES

Avere (to have) is transitive, so it will also be used as an auxiliary verb.

The past participle of the verb is avuto (regular past participle inflection).

When avere is used before the past participle, the latter is insensitive to gender and number, so avuto will be the participle for both masculine and feminine, both singular and plural forms.

PASSATO PROSSIMO

singular plural

1st person (io) ho avuto I have had (noi) abbiamo avuto we have had

2nd person (tu) hai avuto you have had (singular) (voi) avete avuto you have had (plural) 3rd person (egli / ella) ha avuto he/she has had (essi / esse) hanno avuto they have had

The tense expresses an action which has happened in a near past, and is now over. It may be translated with the English corresponding tense ("I have had"), but the use of simple past tense is commonly preferred:

ho avuto un incidente = I had an accident (actual translation: I have had an accident) hanno avuto una grande fortuna = they had a big luck (actually: they have had a big luck)

The difference with passato remoto tense is that the latter expresses an action happened a long time ago:

ieri ho avuto un incidente = yesterday I had an accident (tense: passato prossimo) lo scorso anno ebbi un incidente = last year I had an accident (tense: passato remoto)

As a colloquial form, passato prossimo tense is more popular, despite being compound, irrespectively of time: in common speech, the last sentence above could often be turned into:

lo scorso anno ho avuto un incidente (less correct, but very common).

TRAPASSATO PROSSIMO

singular plural

1st person (io) avevo avuto I had had (noi) avevamo avuto we had had

2nd person (tu) avevi avuto you had had (singular) (voi) avevate avuto you had had (plural) 3rd person (egli / ella) aveva avuto he/she/it had had (essi / esse) avevano avuto they had had

Actions expressed by this tense have taken place in the past, translating the English past perfect "I had been".

avevamo avuto un gatto = we had had a cat

(but in English, a different verb would often be used to avoid repeating "had" twice: "we had owned a cat", etc.)

TRAPASSATO REMOTO

singular plural

1st person (io) ebbi avuto I had had (noi) avemmo avuto we had had

2nd person (tu) avesti avuto you had had (singular) (voi) aveste avuto you had had (plural) 3rd person (egli / ella) ebbe avuto he/she/it had had (essi / esse) ebbero avuto they had had

Actions expressed by this tense have taken place in the past, and were already over by the time the sentence refers to. It is usually translated with the English form "I had had". When this tense is used, the action expressed is followed by another action, in passato remoto tense.

In English, this pattern can be turned into an alternative form: "having" + past participle.

For example: "after he had received his wage, he came back from work" could be turned into "after having received his wage, he came back from work". This literally means: "at first he received his wage, then he came back from work".

In Italian, this sentence would require a past pluperfect (trapassato remoto) for the first verb, and a past perfect (passato remoto) for the second one:

dopo che ebbe avuto la paga, tornò dal lavoro

ebbe avuto = trapassato remoto, tornò = passato remoto

IMPORTANT NOTE

In Italian, the English form "to have something done" is translated in a completely different way, so

expressions like "he has the car washed", or "he had the car washed" are NEVER translated with any of the tenses discussed above.

singular plural

1st person (io) avrò avuto I will have had (noi) avremo avuto we will have had 2nd

person (tu) avrai avuto

you will have had

(sing.) (voi) avrete avuto

you will have had (pl.)

3rd person (egli / ella) avrà _avuto he/she will have had (essi / esse) avranno _avuto they will have had

Again, this tense is mostly used for expressing chance:

il treno avrà avuto un problema = the train might have had a problem avranno avuto bel tempo = they might have had fine weather

avrai avuto una brutta giornata = you might have had a bad day

But in fewer cases it does express a past action in the future:

pagherò quando avrò avuto una risposta = I will pay when I will have had a reply

(in English, it would be more common to say "I will pay after having received a reply").

torneranno quando avranno avuto la loro parte = they'll return when they will have had their share

6.3