La concientización informativa para la formación de sujetos de derechos

The purpose of document review was to gather background information about the organisation and the strategies used to encourage employee exercise participation in the corporate fitness centre. Document review is a necessary protocol in every case study to “corroborate and augment evidence from other sources” (Yin, 2014, p. 107). Documents have specific value, as documentation of histories, policies, and norms remain static and can be compared to the lived experiences of individuals in the context (Bryman, 2012). The results of multiple data sources are combined to develop inferences of the studied phenomenon that help to elucidate the specific social and organisational realities (Bryman, 2012; Liamputtong, 2013). Thus, document review was a necessary protocol in this research. The organisation’s documents provided a brief history of management strategies used in the past to encourage participation in the corporate fitness centre. The documentary evidence served to give context and corroboration to discuss what contributes to employee exercise participation in the corporate fitness centre in the subsequent semi-structured interviews with managers in the case study organisation (refer to section 4.2.3 for semi-structured interview details).

Document review has several strengths that contribute to effective qualitative research outcomes (e.g. Bryman, 2012; Punch, 2005; Silverman, 2011). Document review is an unobtrusive method (Punch, 2005). This means researchers collect organisational documents and review the contents without organisational interference, which enables the steady progression of data analysis (Silverman, 2011). Documents are also non-reactive data sources (Bryman, 2012), as the text does not change, which is challenging with other qualitative research methods, such as interviews and focus groups, as participants tend to provide socially desirable answers and responses that satisfy the researcher’s questions (Yin, 2014). Documents are usually easy to obtain (Silverman, 2011). The ease of access enables researchers to

commence with analysis early in the research process (Silverman, 2011). These features contributed to using document review in this research.

Document review, however, is not without limitations (e.g. Bryman, 2012; Liamputtong, 2013; Yin, 2014). Limitations include retrievability and time. Retrievability refers to organisational personnel withholding specific documents related to the research topic (Yin, 2014). Organisational personnel could bias the supply of documents to researchers, and therefore creates an incomplete illustration of phenomena (Bryman, 2012). Time is a precious resource, considering that organisational personnel could supply an overabundance of documents, and thus challenges the researcher’s data analysis, interpretation, and discussion timeline (Yin, 2014). Safeguards are required to address these issues.

In this research, two strategies mitigated the weaknesses inherent in document review. First, the investigator requested for a range of organisational documents to minimise biased selectivity, and therefore asked for documents pertaining to the corporate fitness centre, employee wellbeing programs, human resource management, and organisational strategy. The Facilitator (a senior level employee who mediated correspondence between the investigator and the organisation) supplied a range of documents pertaining to employee exercise participation in the corporate fitness centre. Second, the investigator separated documents into primary, secondary, and tertiary categories. These categories were based on the type of information related to the corporate fitness centre, with important information considered a primary document and auxiliary information considered tertiary documents. This process enabled the investigator to be time-efficient.

4.2.2.1 Document collection process.

Document collection was a four-step process in this research. The first step was to receive ethical approval (refer to Appendix A), which was granted in 2014. The second step

was to contact the Facilitator, and thus request the organisational documents. The investigator began to receive documents in early 2015, at which time the investigator commenced data analysis. Steps three and four were second and final reminders, respectively, to supply additional documents that the Facilitator located after the initial documents were sent to the investigator. The document collection process is illustrated in Figure 13.

4.2.2.2 Analysis.

Similar to other forms of qualitative research, document analysis requires collating text into meaningful themes and sub-themes through a process called coding. Several coding protocols exist, each with a different research purpose. Examples of coding protocols include: induction (Liamputtong, 2013), deduction (Miles & Huberman, 1994), narrative (Bryman, 2012), and emergent (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). The text coding process in this research involved a dual coding protocol comprising deduction and emergent methods. The purpose of this research was neither to use grounded theory nor to story-tell, which is why induction and narrative coding methods were deemed ineffective to answer questions as to what factors contribute to employee exercise participation in corporate fitness centres.

Deduction involves developing an a priori codes list that provides an objective starting point at data analysis (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The literature review identified constraints,

2. First request 1. Ethical approval

3. First reminder

4. Final reminder

negotiation strategies, and motives as useful factors that might help to understand what contributes to employee exercise participation in corporate fitness centres (refer to Table 8). These constraints, negotiation strategies, and motives acted as the a priori open codes in this research. By contrast, emergent involves assigning codes to portions of data, when the data does not fit the a priori codes (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). When text did not fit the a priori codes, the text was assigned a new code, thus creating emergent codes (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). This emergent coding process was applied specifically to the research questions and to address the general aim of the research. The strategy enabled open codes and core themes to inductively emerge through the data that were not identified through the literature review. The dual protocol provided a holistic understanding of the different themes and sub-themes, enabling the investigator of this research to compare data with the existing literature and theory, in addition to identifying potentially new information on employee exercise participation in corporate fitness centres.

Analysis involves three coding levels: open, axial, and core (Bryman, 2012). Open coding is the first coding level, and involves reading and re-reading documents to ensure familiarity with the text (Bryman, 2012; Kuckartz & McWhertor, 2014). The investigator in this research then used the a priori codes to identify “chunks” (Liamputtong, 2013, p. 242) of relevant information that corresponded with literature in the review, and then assigned new codes to information that did not fit the a priori codes, as per the emergent protocol (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). The investigator considered the “chunks” (Liamputtong, 2013, p. 242) of information a code, when similar information emerged in at least three documents (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2011).

Axial is the second coding level, and involves collapsing the open codes into higher- order themes to emphasise the connections, causes, and interactions between the coded data (Bryman, 2012). The coded data were collapsed into axial codes, based on the sub-themes of

constraints, negotiation, and motivation. Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural formed the axial constraint codes (Crawford et al., 1991). Cognitive and behavioural formed the negotiation codes (Jackson & Rucks, 1995). Finally, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation formed the axial motivation codes (Biddle et al., 2015). The emergent open codes were also collapsed into the respective axial codes.

Selective coding is the third coding level, and involves collapsing axial codes into core themes to describe “the central issues or focus around which all other categories are integrated” (Bryman, 2012, p. 569). Constraints, negotiation, and motivation were the selective a priori codes in this research. Thus, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural axial codes were collapsed into the constraints selective code, and subsequently described how constraints hinder employee exercise participation in corporate fitness centres. The process was replicated for negotiation, where cognitive and behavioural axial codes were collapsed together. Similarly, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation axial codes were collapsed into the selective motivation code. Additionally, emergent axial codes were collapsed into a selective emergent code. The coding process used in this research is illustrated in Figure 14.

4.2.2.3 Qualitative data analysis software.

The investigator used QSR Nvivo Version 11 to assist the coding and analysis protocol. Electronic copies of documentary evidence were uploaded onto the software program. The investigator used Nvivo to read and review the data, and then used the Nodes application to assign the a priori and emergent codes to the data. Concept maps were then developed to visually illustrate the connections between open, axial, and selective codes (Bryman, 2012). Completion of the document review was followed with semi-structured interviews.

Participation in corporate fitness centres Negotiation Open negotiation codes Cognitive and behavioural Open motivation codes External, introjected, identified, integrated, and intrinsic motivation Motivation Open constraint codes Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and structural Constraints Level 3: Selective coding Level 1: Open coding Core theme Level 2: Axial coding Open emergent codes Axial emergent codes Selective emergent codes