Aitken, J. 2007. Anti-biotics. Unpublished reference guide.
Biggs, B.J. Kilroy, C. and Mulcock, C.M. 2000. New Zealand Stream Health Monitoring and Assessment Kit. NIWA, Christchurch.
Mattingley, B. 2007. Takiwā 2.0 User Documentation. ESR and Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Christchurch.
Ministry of Health. 2000. New Zealand Drinking Water Standards. MoH, Welling- ton. www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0/70727d b605b9f56a4c25696400802887?OpenDoc ument
Ministry for the Environment. 2003. Mi- crobiological Water Quality Guidelines for Marine and Freshwater Recreational Areas. MfE, Wellington. www.mfe.govt.nz/pub- lications/water/microbiological-quality- jun03/index.html
NIWA. 2007. Electric Fishing Machines. Retrieved 28 June 2007 www.niwascience. co.nz/rc/instrumentsystems/efi sh
Ogilvie, S. and Penter, B. 2001. Stream Health Monitoring Assessment Kit for Māori. NIWA, Christchurch. http://www. smf.govt.nz/results/1027_fi nalreport.pdf
Otaraua Hapū. 2003. Kaimoana Moni- toring Guidelines for Iwi and Hapū. MfE, Wellington. www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ ser/kaimoana-oct03.html
Pauling, C. 2003. Ki Uta Ki Tai – Moun- tains to the Sea Natural Resource Manage- ment: A scoping document for developing Mountains to the Sea Natural ResourceM- anagement Tools for Ngāi Tahu. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Christchurch.
Pauling, C. 2004. State of the Takiwā - Cultural Monitoring and Reporting on the Health of our Environment: A scop- ing document for developing a culturally based environmental monitoring and re- porting system. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Christchurch.
Pauling, C. 2007. State of the Takiwā: Introducing a culturally based environ- mental monitoring and reporting system
for Ngāi Tahu. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Christchurch.
Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. 2001. Ngāi Tahu Vision 2025. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Christchurch.
Te Taumutu Rūnanga. 2003. Taumutu Natu- ral Resource Management Plan, Christchurch. Tipa, G. and Tierney. L. 2003. A Cultural Health Index for Streams and Waterways: In- dicators for recognising and expressing Māori values. MfE, Welllington. www.mfe.govt.nz/ publications/water/cultural-health-index- jun03/html/
Tipa, G. and Tierney, L. 2006. Using the Cul- tural Health Index: How to assess the health of streams and waterways. MfE, Wellington.
8.8 Appendices
Appendix A
Water Quality Standars
Microbiological Water Quality Guidelines for Marine & Freshwater Recreational
Areas (Ministry for the Environment 2003)
Freshwater Contact Recreation:
No single sample greater than 260
E .coli / 100 mL.
Marine Water Contact Recreation:
No single sample greater than 140 entero- cocci / 100 mL.
Shellfish Gathering:
Th e median faecal coliform content of sam- ples taken over a shellfi sh-gathering season shall not exceed a Most Probable Number (MPN) of 14 / 100 mL, and not more than 10% of samples should exceed an MPN of 43 / 100 mL (using a fi ve-tube decimal dilution test).
New Zealand Drinking Water Standards Ministry of Health 2000
E. coli
Th e indicator organism chosen to indicate possible faecal contamination of drinking- water is E. coli. Th ermotolerant coliforms (faecal coliforms) and total coliforms (which include both faecal and environmental coli- form bacteria) may also be used to moni- tor water quality, but the results are harder to interpret than those from E. coli. If total coliforms or faecal coliforms are used for drinking-water monitoring to demonstrate
Cultural health of the lakee la
83
compliance with the Standards instead of
E. coli, a positive result shall be treated as
though it were an E. coli result.
E. coli should not be present in drinking-
water in the distribution zones. However, unlike the drinking-water leaving the treatment plant, whose microbiological quality is under the control of the treatment plant management, the quality of drinking- water in the distribution zones may be sub- jected to contamination from a variety of infl uences.
Some of these may arise from poor man- agement practices, such as faulty reservoir construction and maintenance, or poor sanitary practices by water supply workers.
Other contamination sources arise from the water users themselves, such as poor sanitation while making connections to the service or inadequate backfl ow prevention.
E. coli may, therefore, occasionally be found
in the reticulation. Th e presence of E. coli must always be followed up. If more than 0.2 mg / L free available chlorine (FAC) is maintained in the drinking-water supply reticulation, coliform bacteria and E. coli are rarely, if ever, found. For this reason it is permissible to substitute monitor- ing of FAC for some (but not all) of the
E. coli monitoring.
Appendix B
Assessing the Cultural Health of
Hua Kaki Anau-black swan eggs
Hua Kakī Anau or black swan eggs were identifi ed through initial interviews as one of the key mahinga kai species that should be subject to specifi c assessment as part of the wider Te Waihora Cultural Health Tool. Swan eggs were a very important seasonal mahinga kai at Te Waihora and Ngāi Tahu have a long association with the collection of bird eggs generally. Th erefore an informal assessment of swan egg health was carried out in conjunction with the 2007 seasonal customary harvest.
Under the authority of the Acclimatisa- tion Society earlier last century swan egg collection became an illegal activity. Rang- ers were employed to camp up towers over- looking the swan breeding areas to deter would be egg gatherers. In the 1960s there were over 80,000 birds, but the population crashed aft er the Wahine storm in 1968 with a recovered population of between 4–10,000 currently.
A permit to gather eggs was recently granted to Ngāi Tahu by the North Can- terbury Fish and Game Council. Notwith- standing the Council process there are still a number of barriers to returning to this
cultural practice. Th e swans nest largely on private land and access is limited by 4wd vehicle or boat depending on landowner consent. Th e site is also severely degraded in terms of the indigenous vegetation and erosion is rapidly destroying the main nest- ing area. Further research and understand- ing is needed to ensure this is a sustainable practice into the future. Using the Cultural Health Assessment forms specifi cally for swan egging it is hoped that a valuable data- set can be obtained to support a sustainable mahinga kai practice.
As part of the swan egg harvest, a thor- ough nest and egg count was carried out in conjunction with Fish and Game North Canterbury. A total of 368 nests were found with 1,537 eggs recorded at an average of 4.17 eggs per nest. Following the fi rst legal swan egging in what is thought to be over a century, there were many positive reports of sponges, birthday cakes, omelettes and scrambled eggs. Mātauranga (knowledge) was also shared by kaumātua with rangatahi ensuring this practice is continued.
Photo The protection and enhancement of lake edge vegetation provides greater habitat for bird and fi sh species as well as providing a buffer from land use and fl uctuating lake levels. Photography Colin Hill.
KAY L. BOOTH Lindis Consulting
T
his report presents findings from a study of recreation values, opportunities and issues associated with Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere and its margins. The study collated existing information and con- tacted knowledgeable individuals. An assessment of the current recreational use of the lake and its margins identified a wide range of water- and land-based activities. The lake is nationally significant for waterfowl hunting, and regionally significant for fishing and cycling on the rail trail. It is rated as a nation- ally significant water body for recreation. Activities are reliant on a healthy natural ecosystem, especially fish and wildlife habitat. Land-based recreation infrastructure is run-down and needs refurbishment. There are various ‘drivers’ of recreational use of the lake and its management. They include the lake’s environmental state, the lake level, public access, awareness and information, recreation facilities, the Little River rail trail, the existence of alternative recreation sites, the recreation ‘catchment’ for users, recreational trends and effects, and an inadequate database for decision-making. A recreation vision is proposed: A healthy recreation resource that is well used and valued. To achieve this vision, the resource needs to be enhanced so it better caters for existing uses and users, and entices people to visit so they may ‘connect’ with the lake.SH
86
9.1 Introduction
Purpose and objectives
Th is report presents fi ndings from a study of recreation values, opportunities and is- sues associated with Te Waihora/Lake Elles- mere (‘the lake’) and its margins. Th e study was undertaken in preparation for the Liv- ing Lake Symposium (November 2007), the purpose of which was to bring together the current state of knowledge on the lake and its catchment; identify gaps, key indicators and key management issues; and to form the basis of a collaborative management ap- proach for improving the ecological health of the lake and its catchment.
Th e study had six objectives:
To describe current recreational use of
■
the lake and its margins
To compare current use with the as-
■
sessment of recreational use provided by Blackford and Law in 1996
To highlight potential opportunities for
■
recreation
To identify resource characteristics upon
■
which lake-related recreation relies, in- cluding infrastructure requirements
To discuss issues for lake recreation,
■
including the infl uence of lake manage- ment on recreational activities To identify long-term goals for lake-relat-
■
ed recreation, and indicators that would refl ect progress toward those goals.
Study approach
Th e study collated existing information about recreation associated with the lake and its margins. Key sources were the ‘Inventory of Recreation Values for Rivers and Lakes of Canterbury, New Zealand’ (Sutherland-Downing and Elley, 2004), the Joint Management Plan for the lake (TRONT and DOC, 2005), draft reserve management plans for Lakeside Domain and Coes Ford (Lucas Associates, 2007a, 2007b) and fi shing evidence by Millichamp (2005). Primary data were not collected, beyond informal participant observation during fi eld visits, because of the winter/ spring study period. Owing to a dearth of existing research material, individuals iden- tifi ed as knowledgeable about the Lake were contacted for information. Appendix A lists these individuals, who are referred to as ‘key informants’ in this report.
Existing information about
Lake-related recreation
Th ere is a lack of empirical data about the recreational use of the lake and its margins. Th e only quantitative data identifi ed during this study were angler statistics from the national anglers survey (Unwin and Brown, 1998; Unwin and Image, 2003) and counts of registered mai mais (Fish & Game New Zealand records). As a result, Lake-related decision-making has an inadequate infor- mation base for recreation.
Previous work has focused upon describ- ing recreational opportunities, use and issues. Th is report updates this work for 2007 (with particular reference to changes since a 1996 study by Blackford and Law) but also examines the underlying causes of recreational change. It examines the style of, and context for, lake-related recreational activity, identifi es factors that infl uence lake-related use, presents ideas for future recreation opportunities, and specifi es recreation outcomes and indicators for future management.
Recreation valuesvalu
87
Definitions
Lake-related recreation pertains to all rec- reational opportunities associated with the waters of the lake and land margins sur- rounding the lake. Th is encompasses all types of leisure pursuits, both commercial and non-commercial activities. Th e report does not encompass customary activity or cultural harvest.
Th e study area is delimited by the road- side boundaries that circumscribe the lake: Lower Lake Road, Lake Road, Pan- netts Road, Davidsons Road, Ridge Road, Seabridge Road, State Highway 75 (SH75) and Bayleys Road (Figure 1).
Report outline
Th is report fi rst describes the nature of ex- isting lake-related recreation (Section 9.2), including comparison with information from the mid-1990s (Blackford and Law, 1996). Factors infl uencing lake-related rec- reation and characteristics of the resource important for recreation are discussed in Section 9.3, together with issues related to lake management. Section 9.4 discusses fi ve opportunities that would enhance recre- ational values of the lake. A recreation vi-
sion and outcomes are presented in Section 5, matched with indicators which will iden- tify progress towards their achievement. Section 9.6 contains recommendations for future management and research actions.