Capítulo 4: Estudio de Factibilidad
4.3 Conclusiones
OECD EUROPE AFRICA
MIDDLE EAST
EASTERN EUROPE/EURASIA INDIA
NON OECD ASIA CHINA
OECD ASIA OCEANIA
latin america
latin america: energy demand by sector Combining the projections on population development, GDP growth and energy intensity results in future development pathways for Latin America’s energy demand. These are shown in Figure 5.31 for both the Reference and the Energy [R]evolution scenario. Under the Reference scenario, total primary energy demand almost doubles from the current 22,050 PJ/a to 40,740 PJ/a in 2050. In the Energy [R]evolution scenario a smaller increase of 34% compared to current consumption is expected, reaching 29,500 PJ/a by 2050.
Under the Energy [R]evolution scenario, electricity demand is expected to increase disproportionately, with households and services the main sources for growing consumption. This is due to wider access to energy services especially in the developing regions within Latin America (see Figure 5.32). With the exploitation of efficiency measures, however an even higher increase can be avoided, leading to an electricity demand of around 2030 TWh/a in 2050.
Compared to the Reference scenario, efficiency measures in the industry, residential and service sectors avoid the generation of about 605 TWh/a. This reduction can be achieved in particular by introducing highly efficient electronic devices. Employment of solar architecture in both residential and commercial buildings will help to curb the growing demand for air-conditioning.
Efficiency gains in the heat supply sector are even larger. Under the Energy [R]evolution scenario, final energy demand for heat supply eventually even stagnates (see Figure 5.34). Compared to the Reference scenario, consumption equivalent to 2,370 PJ/a is avoided through efficiency gains by 2050. In the transport sector, it is assumed under the Energy [R]evolution scenario that energy demand will peak around 2020 and will drop back to 5,400 PJ/a by 2050, saving 51% compared to the Reference scenario.
figure 5.31:latin america: total final energy demand by sector under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario(‘EFFICIENCY’ = REDUCTION COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE SCENARIO)
•
‘EFFICIENCY’•
OTHER SECTORS•
INDUSTRY•
TRANSPORTPJ/a 0 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 24,000 28,000 32,000
REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R]
2009 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
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key results|LATIN AMERICA - DEMAND
figure 5.32:latin america: development of electricity demand by sector in the energy [r]evolution scenario
(‘EFFICIENCY’ = REDUCTION COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE SCENARIO)
•
‘EFFICIENCY’•
OTHER SECTORS•
INDUSTRY•
TRANSPORTE[R] E[R] E[R] E[R] E[R] E[R]
2009 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
PJ/a 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
figure 5.33:latin america: development of the transport demand by sector in the energy [r]evolution scenario
•
‘EFFICIENCY’•
DOMESTIC NAVIGATION•
DOMESTIC AVIATION•
ROAD•
RAILE[R] E[R] E[R] E[R] E[R] E[R]
2009 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
PJ/a 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
E[R] E[R] E[R] E[R] E[R] E[R]
2009 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
PJ/a 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
figure 5.34:latin america: development of heat demand by sector in the energy [r]evolution scenario
(‘EFFICIENCY’ = REDUCTION COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE SCENARIO)
•
‘EFFICIENCY’•
OTHER SECTORS•
INDUSTRY© GP/FLAVIO CANNALONGA
© GP/FLAVIO CANNALONGA
image VOLUNTEERS CHECK THE SOLAR PANELS ON TOP OF GREENPEACE POSITIVE ENERGY TRUCK, BRAZIL.
image WIND TURBINES IN FORTALEZ, CEARÀ, BRAZIL.
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key results|LATIN AMERICA - ELECTRICITY GENERATION
WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
GLOBAL SCENARIO OECD NORTH AMERICA LATIN AMERICA OECD EUROPE AFRICA
MIDDLE EAST
EASTERN EUROPE/EURASIA INDIA
NON OECD ASIA CHINA
OECD ASIA OCEANIA
latin america
latin america: electricity generation
The development of the electricity supply market in the Energy [R]evolution scenario is charaterised by an increasing share of renewable energy sources. By 2050, 95% of the electricity produced in Latin America will come from renewable energy sources. ‘New’ renewables – mainly wind, PV and biomass – will contribute 54% of electricity generation. The installed capacity of renewable energy technologies will grow from the current 148 GW to 436 GW in 2030 and 863 GW in 2050, increasing renewable capacity by a factor of six within the next 40 years.
Table 5.13 shows the comparative evolution of the different renewable technologies in Latin America over time. Up to 2030 hydro will remain the main contributor, while wind and
photovoltaics (PV) gain a growing market share. After 2020, the continuing growth of wind and PV will be complemented by electricity from biomass and solar thermal (CSP) energy. The Energy [R]evolution scenario will lead to a high share of renewables achieving an electricity share of 80% already by 2020 and 86% by 2030.
table 5.13: latin america: renewable electricity generation capacity under the reference scenario and
the energy [r]evolution scenario IN GW 2020
figure 5.35:latin america: electricity generation structure under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario (INCLUDING ELECTRICITY FOR ELECTROMOBILITY, HEAT PUMPS AND HYDROGEN GENERATION)
TWh/a 0
2009 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
•
OCEAN ENERGY•
SOLAR THERMAL•
GEOTHERMAL•
NATURAL GAS•
LIGNITE•
COAL101
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key results|LATIN AMERICA - ELECTRICITY GENERATION
latin america: future costs of electricity generation Figure 5.36 shows that the introduction of renewable
technologies under the Energy [R]evolution scenario slightly increases the costs of electricity generation in Latin America compared to the Reference scenario. This difference will be less than $ 0.3 cent/kWh up to 2030, however. Because of the lower CO2intensity of electricity generation, electricity generation costs will become economically favourable under the Energy
[R]evolution scenario and by 2050 costs will be $ 7.2 cents/kWh below those in the Reference version.
Under the Reference scenario, the unchecked growth in demand, an increase in fossil fuel prices and the cost of CO2emissions result in total electricity supply costs rising from today’s $ 81 billion per year to more than $ 382 billion in 2050. Figure 5.36 shows that the Energy [R]evolution scenario complies with Latin America’s CO2reduction targets without increasing energy costs.
Increasing energy efficiency and shifting energy supply to renewables lead to long term costs for electricity supply that are in the same range as in the Reference scenario in 2050.
figure 5.36: latin america: total electricity supply costs
& specific electricity generation costs under two scenarios
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
2009 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ct/kWh Bn$/a
SPEC. ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTS (REF) SPEC. ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTS (E[R])
•
‘EFFICIENCY’ MEASURES•
REFERENCE SCENARIO (REF)•
ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION (E[R])latin america: future investments in the power sector
It would require $ 2,660 billion in investment in the power sector for the Energy [R]evolution scenario to become reality (including investments for replacement after the economic lifetime of the plants) - approximately $ 1,553 billion or $ 39 billion annually
more than in the Reference scenario ($ 1,107 billion). Under the Reference version, the levels of investment in conventional power plants add up to almost 24% while approximately 76% would be invested in renewable energy and cogeneration (CHP) until 2050.
Under the Energy [R]evolution scenario, however, Latin America would shift almost 98% of the entire investment towards renewables and cogeneration. Until 2030, the fossil fuel share of power sector investment would be focused mainly on CHP plants.
The average annual investment in the power sector under the Energy [R]evolution scenario between today and 2050 would be approximately $ 67 billion.
Because renewable energy except biomasss has no fuel costs, however, the fuel cost savings in the Energy [R]evolution scenario reach a total of $ 1,400 billion up to 2050, or $ 35 billion per year.
The total fuel cost savings therefore would cover 90% of the total additional investments compared to the Reference scenario. These renewable energy sources would then go on to produce electricity without any further fuel costs beyond 2050, while the costs for coal and gas will continue to be a burden on national economies.
figure 5.37:latin america: investment shares - reference scenario versus energy [r]evolution scenario
REF 2011 - 2050
19% FOSSIL 5% NUCLEAR 3% CHP
73% RENEWABLES Total $ 1,107 billion
E[R] 2011 - 2050
2% FOSSIL
13% CHP
85% RENEWABLES Total $ 2,660 billion
© GP/FLAVIO CANNALONGA © GP/ANA CLAUDIA JATAHY
image GROUP OF YOUNG PEOPLE FEEL THE HEAT GENERATED BY A SOLAR COOKING STOVE IN BRAZIL.
image IN 2005 THE WORST DROUGHT IN MORE THAN 40 YEARS DAMAGED THE WORLD’S LARGEST RAIN FOREST IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON, WITH WILDFIRES BREAKING OUT, POLLUTED DRINKING WATER AND THE DEATH OF MILLIONS FISH AS STREAMS DRY UP.
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key results|LATIN AMERICA - HEATING
WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
GLOBAL SCENARIO OECD NORTH AMERICA LATIN AMERICA OECD EUROPE AFRICA
MIDDLE EAST
EASTERN EUROPE/EURASIA INDIA
NON OECD ASIA CHINA
OECD ASIA OCEANIA
latin america
latin america: heating supply
Renewables currently provide 38% of Latin America’s energy demand for heat supply, the main contribution coming from the use of biomass. The lack of district heating networks is a severe structural barrier to the large scale utilisation of geothermal and solar thermal energy. In the Energy [R]evolution scenario, renewables provide 67% of Latin America’s total heat demand in 2030 and 97% in 2050.
• Energy efficiency measures can restrict the future primary energy demand for heat supply to a 29% increase, in spite of improving living standards.
• In the industry sector solar collectors, biomass/biogas as well as geothermal energy are increasingly replacing conventional fossil fuelled heating systems.
• A shift from coal and oil to natural gas in the remaining conventional applications leads to a further reduction of CO2emissions.
In the Energy [R]evolution scenario about 2,370 PJ/a are saved by 2050, or 25% compared to the Reference scenario.
Table 5.14 shows the development of the different renewable technologies for heating in Latin America over time. Biomass will remain the main contributor for renewable heat. After 2020, the continuing growth of solar collectors and a growing share of geothermal heat (including heat pumps) will reduce the dependence on fossil fuels.
table 5.14: latin america: renewable heating capacities under the reference scenario and
the energy [r]evolution scenarioIN GW 2020
figure 5.38:latin america: heat supply structure under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario
(‘EFFICIENCY’ = REDUCTION COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE SCENARIO)
REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R]
2009 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
PJ/a 0
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key results|LATIN AMERICA - INVESTMENT
latin america: future investments in the heat sector
Also in the heat sector the Energy [R]evolution scenario would require a major revision of current investment strategies in direct heating technologies. Especially the not yet so common solar and up to now nonexistent geothermal and heat pump technologies need an enormous increase in installations, if these potentials are to be tapped for the heat sector. Installed capacity need to increase by the factor of 90 for solar thermal. Geothermal heat and heat pumps even first need to be introduced. Capacity of traditional biomass technologies, which are already rather wide spread need to be replaced by modern, efficient technologies in order to remain a main pillar of direct heat supply.
Renewable heating technologies are extremely variable, from low tech biomass stoves and unglazed solar collectors to very sophisticated enhanced geothermal systems and solar themal district heating plants with seasonal storage.Thus it can only roughly be calculated, that the Energy [R]evolution scenario in total requires around $ 698 billion to be invested in direct renewable heating technologies until 2050 (including investments for replacement after the economic lifetime of the plants) -approximately $ 17 billion per year.
table 5.15: latin america: renewable heat generation capacities under the reference scenario and
the energy [r]evolution scenario IN GW 2020
607 665 0 52 10 114 1 7 618 839
2040
644 647 0 144 31 313 3 33 678 1,135
2050
667 591 0 146 52 363 5 59 723 1,159 Biomass
Geothermal Solar thermal Heat pumps Total
REF E[R]
REF E[R]
REF E[R]
REF E[R]
REF E[R]
2030
625 652 0 99 18 208 1 16 644 975 2009
558 558 0 0 4 4 0 0 562 562
figure 5.39:latin america: investments for renewable heat generation technologies under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario
REF 2011 - 2050
4% SOLAR
0% GEOTHERMAL 92% BIOMASS
4% HEAT PUMPS
Total $ 234 billion
E[R] 2011 - 2050
39% SOLAR
18% HEAT PUMPS 20% BIOMASS 23% GEOTHERMAL
Total $ 698 billion
© GP/DANIEL BELTRA
© GP/RODRIGO BALÈIA
image CHILDREN IN THE FLOODED CACAO PEREIRA VILLAGE IN THE AMAZON, BRAZIL. THE NEGRO RIVER ROSE TO 29.77 METERS, SURPASSING THE MARK OF 29.69 METERS REGISTERED IN 1953, THE LAST RECORDED FLOOD.
image MAN MADE FIRES NEAR ARAGUAYA RIVER OUTSIDE THE ARAGUAYA NATIONAL PARK. FIRES ARE STARTED TO CLEAR THE LAND FOR FUTURE CATTLE USE.
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key results|LATIN AMERICA - EMPLOYMENT
WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
GLOBAL SCENARIO OECD NORTH AMERICA LATIN AMERICA OECD EUROPE AFRICA
MIDDLE EAST
EASTERN EUROPE/EURASIA INDIA
NON OECD ASIA CHINA
OECD ASIA OCEANIA
latin america
latin america: future employment in the energy sector
The Energy [R]evolution scenario results in more energy sector jobs in Latin America at every stage of the projection.
• There are 1.6 million energy sector jobs in the Energy [R]evolution scenario in 2015, and 1.2 million in the Reference scenario.
• In 2020, there are 1.7 million jobs in the Energy [R]evolution scenario, and 1.3 million in the Reference scenario.
• In 2030, there are 1.6 million jobs in the Energy [R]evolution scenario and 1.3 million in the Reference scenario.
Figure 5.40 shows the change in job numbers under both scenarios for each technology between 2010 and 2030. Jobs in the Reference scenario increase by 10% by 2030. Gas has the largest share, followed by biomass.
Exceptionally strong growth in renewable energy leads to an increase of 33% in energy sector jobs in the Energy [R]evolution scenario by 2015, and further growth to 41% above 2010 levels by 2030. Renewable energy accounts for 78% of energy sector jobs in 2030, with biomass having the largest share (41%), followed by solar PV, wind, and solar heating.
REFERENCE ENERGY
[R]EVOLUTION
2010 2015 2020 2030 2015 2020 2030
0
Direct jobs - millions
figure 5.40:latin america: employment in the energy scenario under the reference and energy [r]evolution scenarios
•
GEOTHERMAL & HEAT PUMP•
SOLAR HEAT•
OCEAN ENERGY•
SOLAR THERMAL POWER•
GEOTHERMAL POWER•
PV•
WIND•
HYDRO•
BIOMASS•
NUCLEAR•
GAS, OIL & DIESEL•
COALtable 5.16:latin america: total employment in the energy sector THOUSAND JOBS
Coal
Gas, oil & diesel Nuclear Renewable Total Jobs
Construction and installation Manufacturing
Operations and maintenance Fuel supply (domestic) Coal and gas export Total Jobs
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key results|LATIN AMERICA - TRANSPORT
latin america: transport
Despite a huge growth in transport services, the energy consumption in the transport sector by 2050 can be limited to the current level in the Energy [R]evolution scenario. Dependency on fossil fuels, which now account for 89% of this supply, is gradually transformed by using 15% renewable energy by 2030 and 35% by 2030. The electricity share in the transport sector further increases up to 21% by 2050.
A shift towards smaller cars triggered by economic incentives together with a significant shift in propulsion technology towards electrified power trains and a reduction of vehicle kilometres travelled per year leads to significant energy savings. In 2030, electricity will provide 14% of the transport sector’s total energy demand in the Energy [R]evolution, while in 2050 the share will be 43%.
table 5.17: latin america: transport energy demand by mode under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario (WITHOUT ENERGY FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORT) IN PJ/A
2020
140 174 6,458 5,649 238 222 145 132 6,982 6,177
2040
186 336 8,447 4,763 437 328 192 159 9,263 5,586
2050
220 432 9,844 4,482 561 309 330 166 10,955 5,389 Rail
Road Domestic aviation Domestic navigation Total
REF E[R]
REF E[R]
REF E[R]
REF E[R]
REF E[R]
2030
164 240 7,526 5,319 329 280 170 143 8,189 5,982 2009
106 106 4,995 4,995 152 152 111 111 5,364 5,364
figure 5.41:latin america: final energy consumption for transport under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario
REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R]
2009 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
PJ/a 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
•
‘EFFICIENCY’•
HYDROGEN•
ELECTRICITY•
BIOFUELS•
NATURAL GAS•
OIL PRODUCTS•
WIND•
HYDRO•
BIOMASS•
NUCLEAR•
GAS, OIL & DIESEL•
COAL© PETER CATON/GP © PETER CATON/GP
image THE INTAKE/OUTLET PIPE FROM THE ANGRA NUCLEAR REACTOR FROM WHICH SEAWATER USED TO COOL THE POWER PLANT IS POURED BACK INTO THE SEA. A POPULAR SWIMMING SPOT BECAUSE OF THE WARMED WATER, THERE IS NO WARNING SIGN. BRAZIL.
image ANGRA 1 AND 2 NUCLEAR POWER STATION. IF BNP PARIBAS FINANCING GOES AHEAD, A THIRD REACTOR ANGRA 3 WILL BE BUILT USING DANGEROUSLY OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY BURDENING BRAZIL WITH A REACTOR THAT WOULD NOT BE PERMITTED IN THE COUNTRIES THAT ARE FINANCING IT.
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key results|LATIN AMERICA - CO2EMISSIONS & ENERGY CONSUMPTION
WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
GLOBAL SCENARIO OECD NORTH AMERICA LATIN AMERICA OECD EUROPE AFRICA
MIDDLE EAST
EASTERN EUROPE/EURASIA INDIA
NON OECD ASIA CHINA
OECD ASIA OCEANIA
latin america
latin america: development of CO2emissions While Latin America’s emissions of CO2will almost double under the Reference scenario, under the Energy [R]evolution scenario they will decrease from 972 million tonnes in 2009 to 155 million tonnes in 2050. Annual per capita emissions will drop from 2.1 tonnes to 1.2 tonnes in 2030 and 0.3 tonne in 2050. In spite of the phasing out of nuclear energy and increasing demand, CO2emissions will decrease in the electricity sector. In the long run efficiency gains and the increased use of renewable electricity in vehicles will even reduce emissions in the transport sector. With a share of 38% of CO2emissions in 2050, the transport sector will remain the largest source of emissions. By 2050, Latin America’s CO2emissions are 27% of 1990 levels.
latin america: primary energy consumption Taking into account the assumptions discussed above, the resulting primary energy consumption under the Energy [R]evolution scenario is shown in Figure 5.43. Compared to the Reference scenario, overall primary energy demand will be reduced by 28% in 2050. Latin America’s primary energy demand will increase from 22,045 PJ/a to about 29,500 PJ/a.
The Energy [R]evolution version phases out coal and oil about 5 to 10 years faster than the previous Energy [R]evolution scenario published in 2010. This is made possible mainly by replacement of fossil-fueled power plants with renewables and a faster introduction of very efficient electric vehicles in the transport sector to replace conventional combustion engines. This leads to an overall renewable primary energy share of 57% in 2030 and 85% in 2050. Nuclear energy is phased out before 2030.
figure 5.42:latin america: development of CO2emissions by sector under the energy [r]evolution scenario
(‘EFFICIENCY’ = REDUCTION COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE SCENARIO)
REFE[R] REFE[R] REFE[R] REFE[R] REFE[R] REFE[R]
2009 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
0 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Mill t/a
Million people
POPULATION DEVELOPMENT
•
SAVINGS FROM ‘EFFICIENCY’ & RENEWABLES•
OTHER SECTORS•
INDUSTRY•
TRANSPORT•
POWER GENERATIONfigure 5.43: latin america: primary energy consumption under the reference scenario and the energy [r]evolution scenario(‘EFFICIENCY’ = REDUCTION COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE SCENARIO)
PJ/a 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000
REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R] REF E[R]
2009 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
•
‘EFFICIENCY’•
OCEAN ENERGY•
GEOTHERMAL•
SOLAR•
BIOMASS•
WIND•
HYDRO•
NATURAL GAS•
OIL•
COAL•
NUCLEAR107
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key results|LATIN AMERICA - INVESTMENT & FUEL COSTS
table 5.18a:latin america: investment costs for electricity generation and fuel cost savings under the energy [r]evolution scenario compared to the reference scenario
INVESTMENT COSTS
DIFFERENCE E[R]VERSUS REF Conventional (fossil & nuclear) Renewables
Total
CUMULATIVE FUEL COST SAVINGS
SAVINGS CUMULATIVE E[R]VERSUS REF Fuel oil
Gas Hard coal Lignite Total
$
billion $ billion $ billion $
billion $/a billion $/a billion $/a billion $/a billion $/a
2021 - 2030
-28.7 318.2 289.5
87.0 105.6 21.4 0.7 162.1 2011 - 2020
-47.4 197.2 149.8
23.7 30.6 6.7 0.2 46.2
2011 - 2050
-207.5 1,760.7 1,553.2
276.1 1,459.6 113.5 2.7 1,398.6
2011 - 2050 AVERAGE PER ANNUM
-5.2 44.0 38.8
6.9 36.5 2.8 0.1 35.0 2041 - 2050
-45.2 560.5 515.2
85.2 983.2 53.9 0.9 848.2 2031 - 2040
-45.2 560.5 515.2
80.3 340.2 31.6 0.8 342.0
© GP/STEVE MORGAN
© GP/DANIEL BELTRA
image CONSTRUCTION OF THE BELO MONTE DAM PROJECT, NEAR ALTAMIRA. THE BELO MONTE DAM WILL BE THE THIRD LARGEST IN THE WORLD, SUBMERGING 400,000 HECTARES AND DISPLACING 20,000 PEOPLE. THE CONTROVERSIAL HYDROPOWER PLANT IS BEING BUILT IN THE XINGU RIVER. FOR 20 YEARS INDIGENOUS GROUPS, RURAL COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENTALISTS HAVE FOUGHT AGAINST THE CONSTRUCTION. THE AERIAL IMAGES EXPOSE THE MASSIVE CONSTRUCTION AND CONSIDERABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION THAT HAS NOT YET BEEN DOCUMENTED VISUALLY; THIS IS ONE OF THE FIRST COMPELLING IMAGES TO BE CIRCULATED OF THE IMPACTS OF THE CONSTRUCTION.
image A 5-YEAR-OLD BOY IN TAMAQUITO, NEAR THE OPEN CAST CERREJON ZONA NORTE COAL MINE, ONE OF THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD. LIKE MANY HE SUFFERS SKIN RASHES FROM THE EFFECTS OF THE MINE DUST.
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key results|OECD EUROPE - DEMAND
WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
GLOBAL SCENARIO OECD NORTH AMERICA LATIN AMERICA