y a PPWUbQX y ^'[PPXUbQX y U'PPWUbQX y `%UPPbQX
Exercise 20
Conjugate the following verbs:
)
WX^< ¨1[>U[WA X hWX> W ¢X"W ` ¢WX WX^< ¨1[>U[WA X ¢WX> W hW"
[ ¢WXA ^& X;[W0 X[hW [ ¢W" X;[U X[^qb^ ` hWX
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 21
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 WBW2 ) ( 2 ^/h!^K ) ( 3 Wh+W ) ( 4 W h=^K ) ( 5 Wrh=W"
$ )*
[U X[^qb^ a/WA^)X WX^< ¨ ^BWA^)X D/WA^)X> ^/UA[DKW a/UA^)X WX^< ¨ ^BWA^)X D/UA^)X> ^/WA^K X;
b/UA^)XA ^& X;[W0 X[hW b/UA^K
The sign of (
B01 6
) is the (s=I L
) after the (FBQ ,<
)in the (
/1
) and (c . /<
) without a (N
)preceding it. The (
:0
) of this (6
) is always (%F
).The (
=
) of (B01 6
) is also used on the following scales:(
aWU<
) e.g. (aW*UK
);(
aW[U<
) e.g. (aW*[UK
).The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 22
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 Wd^KW
) ( 2 W=WpW
) ( 3 WO^<W7 ) ( 4 W^<W2 ) ( 5 WW$Wp
C4B! )*
`^f^1[X WX^< ^fU1[#U@ X^f^1[X> WUfD1[#D(W `Uf^1[X WX^< ^fU1[#U@ XUf^1[W> W^f^1[#U@
U@ X;[U X[^qb^
[Uf^1[WA ^& X;[W0 X[hW [Uf^1[#
The sign of (
1# 6
) is the ('
) before the (FBQ ,<
). This(
6
) is always intransitive (%&
).The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 23
Conjugate the following verbs:
)
WX^< WU*[$U@ XdWW*[oX> WdUX*[$D(W `dUW*[oX WX^< WU*[$U@ XdUW*[oW> WdWW*[$U@
[dUW*[oWA ^& X;[W0 X[hW [dUW*[$U@ X;[U X[^qb^ `dWW*[oX
The sign of (
*< 6
) is the (N
) after the (FBQ ,<
).Rule 1
If the (
FBQ ,<
) of (*< 6
) is (7
), (v
), or (), the (N
) of(
*<
) is changed to (7
). If the (FBQ ,<
) is a (7
), then (%l7@
-assimilation) is compulsory, e.g. (
WWWA[7U@
) changes to (W0h7U@
).If the (
FBQ ,<
) of (*< 6
) is (v
), then after changing the (N
) to (7
), the following three changes are permissible:(1) The (
v
) is changed to (7
) and the rule of (%l7@
) is applied, e.g. (W^QWAbvU@
) changes to (W^h7U@
).(2) Sometimes the (
7
) is changed to (v
) and then the rule of (%l7@
) is applied to the (FBQ ,<
), e.g. (W^QWAbvU@
) changes to (W^vU@
).(3) Sometimes the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (
%l7@
), e.g. (W^W7bvU@
).If the (
FBQ ,<
) of (*< 6
) is (), then after changing the (N
) to (7
), the following two changes are permissible:(1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (
%l7@
),e.g. (
WW$W7[U@
).(2) Sometimes the (
7
) is changed to () and then the rule of (%l7@
) is applied to the (FBQ ,<
), e.g. (WWoWA[U@
) changes to (WW$hU@
).Rule 2
If the (
FBQ ,<
) of (*< 6
) is (n
), (Y
), (©
), or (ª
), the(
N
) of (*<
) is changed to (©
). If the (FBQ ,<
) is a (©
), thenit is compulsory to apply (
%l7@
) e.g. (Wd^BW*bjU@
) changes to (Wd^B jU@
).If the (
FBQ ,<
) of (*< 6
) is (ª
), then after changing the(1) The (
ª
) is changed to (©
) and the rule of (%l7@
) is applied, e.g. (W^BW*bU@
) changes to (W^BjU@
).(2) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (
%l7@
),e.g. (
W^B^fbU@
).(3) The (
©
) is changed to (ª
) and the rule of (%l7@
) is applied, e.g. (W^BW*bU@
) changes to (W^BU@
).If the (
FBQ ,<
) of (*< 6
) is (n
) or (Y
), then after changing the (N
) to (©
), the following two possibilities are permissible:(1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (
%l7@
),e.g. (
WW!^f["U@
) and (W6W^f[U@
).(2) Sometimes the (
©
) is changed to (n
) or (Y
) and then the rule of (%l7@
) is applied, e.g. (WW!W*["U@
) changes to (WW!h"U@
) and(
W6WW*[U@
) changes to (W6WhU@
).Rule 3
If the (
FBQ ,<
) of (*< 6
) is (¤
), then it is permissible to change the (N
) to (¤
) and apply the rule of (%l7@
), e.g. (W W*b9U@
)changes to (
W 9U@
).Rule 4
If the (
FBQ G0
) of (*< 6
) is (N
), (¤
), (e
), (), (7
),(
v
), (\
), («
), (n
), (Y
), (©
), or (ª
), then after changing the (N
) to the same letter as the (FBQ G0
), the () of the (
N
)is transferred to the preceding letter and the rule of (
%l7@
) isapplied. The (
/" s?
) is deleted, e.g. (WWW*[MU@
) changes to (WhWM
) and (W=W*[pU@
) changes to (h=Wp
).(4.2) The (
) of these verbs - (
WhWM
) and (h=Wp
) - will be (X¢WW>
) and ([¢=WW>
).(4.3) It is permissible to have a (
s
) on the (FBQ ,<
), e.g.(
X¢UW> WhUM
) and ([¢=UW> h=Up
). The words (^'[XF¢UW>
) and(
[¢=UW>
) which have appeared in the Qur’ân are from this (6
).(4.4) It is permissible to read a (
F
) on the (FBQ ,<
) of the (/0 1 2
). Therefore all three harakats are permissible, e.g.(
`¢WX
), (`¢UX
), (`¢XX
).Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 24
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 WOWFW*[$U@
) ( 2 ^/WFW*[U@
) ( 3 W%WW*[U@
) ( 4 WOWFW*[2U@
) ( 5
^/W5W*[U@
/C, -4V-A )*
hWF[U@
[ UWF[U@ ¢WF[U@ hWF[U@ X;[U X[^qb^ WF[iX WX^< WUF[U@ WF[iW>
[ UWF[iWA ^& ¢WF[iWA ^& hWF[iWA ^& X;W0 X[hW
The sign of (
:<@ 6
) is the repetition of the (FBQ %&
) andfour letters after the (
/" s?
) in the (/1
). The (%&
FBQ
) of this (6
) is always (7C=+
) except in (JK#
).12Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 25
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 h7W[2U@
) ( 2 hW [MU@
) ( 3 hW!blU@
) ( 4 h^1["U@
) ( 5 h¬W[ U@
/3b4,.O )*
^/¢!D)XAW a/¢!^)W*X WX^< ¨B!^)WA D/h!^)W*W> ^/h!^)WA X;[U X[^qb^ a/h!^)W*X WX^< ¨B!^)WA D/h!^)W*X>
b/h!^)W*WA ^& X;W0 X[hW b/h!^)WA
The sign of (
/C1A 6
) is the tashdīd of the (FBQ G0
) and (N
)precedes the (
FBQ ,<
) in the (/1
).Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 26
Conjugate the following verbs:
)
b/W ^)W*WA ^& X;W0 X[hW b/W ^)WA
The sign of (
/01A 6
) is that the (N
) precedes the (FBQ ,<
)Rule 2
If the (
FBQ ,<
) of (/C1A 6
) and (/01A 6
) is (N
), (¤
),(
e
), (7
) ,(v
), (), (\
), («
), (n
), (Y
), (©
) or (ª
), it is permissible to change the (N
) into the (FBQ ,<
) and apply the rule of (%l7@
). In this case, the (/1
) and ((
) require a (/" s?
) at the beginning. The (a/<U@ 6
) and (a/X0<U@ 6
)have been created due to this rule.
Examples:
(
Wh^fWA
) (Wh^fj
) (WhjU@
)(
^/^K^HWA
) (^/^K^H9
) (^/^K9U@
)/3b4d-A )*
[hjU@ ; . `¢fX < jU@ XhfW> WhjU@ P
[hfWA ^& ;0 /3R$d-A )*
_ DK9U@ D/^KHW> ^/^K9U@
b/^K9U@ ; . a/UKHX < ¨B
b/^KHWA ^& ;0
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 27
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 ^¤W7WiWA )
( 2 ^/WA^)WA ) ( 3 WrW ^1WA ) ( 4 WWp^4WA ) ( 5 WA WW"W
/C.4V-2-A )*
W*[ W> WW[W*[2U@
W[U*[2U@ XW[W*[ X> WU[X*[2D(W `U[W*[ X WX^< W[U*[2U@ XU[
[U[W*[ WA ^& ;0 [U[W*[2U@ ; . `W[W*[ X WX^<
The sign of (
aWb1U*[2U@ 6
) is the extra (\
) and (N
) before the (FBQ ,<
).It is permissible to delete the (
N
) from the verb (W ^fW*[2U@
XO[UfW*[ W>
). The verbs ([X0^f[2 WF^<
) and ([OUf[ WA [^ W
) mentioned in the Qur’ân are from this (6
).Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 28
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 WW [iW*[2U@
) ( 2 ^/W!b)W*[2U@
) ( 3 W^B[W*[2U@
) ( 4 W=W[+W*[2U@
) ( 5 W%W=[W*[2U@
/C.42'-4V-A )*
`U[W+[X WX^< #W+[U+[MU@ XU[W+[W> WW[W+[MU@
[U[W+[MU@ ; .
[U[W+[WA ^& ;0
The sign of (
aW[Ub<U@ 6
) is the repetition of the () and the appearance of a () between the two (
)’s. This () has changed to a (
) in the (=
) due to the preceding (s
). This (6
)is mostly intransitive (
%&
).Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 29
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 W6W7[W=[U@
) ( 2 W]^[^B[U@
) ( 3 Wg^[^B[MU@
-A )*
/C, 2'-4V
[UWp[7U@ ¢%Wp[7U@ h%Wp[7U@ ; . %Wp[=X WX^< WF[Up[7U@ %Wp[=W> h%Wp[7U@
[UWp[=WA ^& ¢%Wp[=WA ^& h%Wp[=WA ^& ;0
The sign of (
a^B[Ub<U@ 6
) is the repetition of the () and the appearance of an extra (L
) before the first () in the (/1
). This (L
) changes to a (
) in the (=
).The (
%l7@
) in this (6
) is similar to the (%l7@
) of (^BUb<U@ 6
).The verbs of (
^BUb<U@ 6
) and (a^B[Ub<U@ 6
) mostly have the meanings of colours and defects and they are intransitive (%&
).Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 30
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 h6W[U@
) ( 2 hNWFbU@
) ( 3 h WF[2U@
) ( 4 h WF[U@
/C!c-4V-A )*
^B[8 WX^< ¨vhUB[$U@ Dv¢^B[oW> ^vh^B[$U@
^& ;0 bv¢^B[$U@ ; . av¢
bv¢^B[oWA
The sign of (
ahUb<U@ 6
) is the (C
) after the (FBQ G0
).Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 31
(A) Conjugate the following verbs:
)
Four-Root letter Verbs The (
6 (
) of (0
)/, , 24, )* e F 6$*
; . `^H[W!X WX^< ¨sW^H[W X^H[W!X> WUH[X W `UH[W!X WX^< ¨sW^H[W XUH[W!X> W^H[W [UH[W!XA ^& ;0 [UH[W
The sign of (
a ^B^B[^< 6
) is the presence of four root letters in the (/1
). The (:0
) of this (6
) is (%F
).The rule for the (
) of the (
:0
) is that if the (/1
) has four letters, whether root letters or extra letters, the (:0
) will be (%F
) even in the active tense (), e.g. (
X%UbQX>
), (X ¢WX>
), (D/UA^)X>
), (XUH[W!X>
). If the (/1
) has less than or more than four letters, the (:0
) will be (
_*1
), e.g. (XX[W>
), (XdU W*[oW>
), (D/W ^)W*W>
).Four-root letter verbs are of three types:
(1) those of genuine four-radical origin, e.g. (
WW$[WA
) – to translate.W^l[^l
to gargle, (
WW*[FWA
) – to stammer.(3) composite roots taken from a familiar phrase or combination of roots, e.g. (
^W=[FW
) – to say Al-hamdulillāh, (^/WF[ W
) – to say Bismillāh.Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 32
Conjugate the following verbs:
)
The Derived Forms of Four-Root Letter Verbs
f' =W 6$*
*
/3N 24,.O )
^& ;0 b/W [W WA ; . a/U [W W*X WX^< ¨BX [W WA D/W [W W*W> ^/W [W WA b/W [W W*WA
The sign of (
a/DB[^1WA 6
) is the extra (N
) before the four root letters.Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
W W bBW [W W*W U W bBW [W W*W> WbBW [W WA b/W [W W*WA ^& b/W [W WA D/W [W W*WA WR bBW [W WA
^&
[ [ UBW [W WA [W UBW [W W*WA UR bBW [W WA
^&
Exercise 33
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 WdWpbmWFWA )
( 2 ^/W [W WA ) ( 3 WrW=[#W?WA ) ( 4 WW*[W!WA ) ( 5 W^B[ WFWA
/Cd -4V-A )*
UW+bKU@ ; . UW+b)X WX^< W[U+bKU@ UW+b)W> hWW+bKU@
[ U[W+bKU@ ¢UW+bKU@ h
[ U[W+b)WA ^& ¢UW+b)WA ^& hUW+b)WA ^& ;0
The sign of (
aBUb<U@ 6
) is having four root letters, the repetition of the second () and the inclusion of (/" s?
) in the (/1
) and ((
).Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
hUW+bKU@ U' hUW+b)WA WFXA [ WWW+bKU@
^&
UW+b)WA
[ [ UW+bKU@ ^' [ UW+b)WA [ XA[ WWW+bKU@
^&
¢UW+b)WA
[ [ ¢UW+bKU@ [>W ¢UW+b)WA UN [ WWW+bKU@
^&
hUW+b)WA
hUW+bKU@ U' hUW+b)WA WFXA [ WWW+bKU@
^&
Exercise 34
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 /WiWF[U@
) ( 2 '^qWFbjU@
) ( 3 h^fWFbKU@
) ( 4 hW*^1[U@
) ( 5 hWW[U@
/C, 2K-4V-A )*
U@ XgU+[#W[!W> WgW+[#W[ U@
;0 [gU+[#W[ U@ ; . `gU+[#W[!X WX^< ¨KW+[#U[
[gU+[#W[!WA ^&
The sign of (
a^B[Ub<U@ 6
) is the inclusion of (/" s?
) in the(
/1
) and ((
) and the extra ('
) after the ().
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
!
Exercise 35
(A) Conjugate the following verbs:
)
Other Derived Forms The (
)!*+
) of (g f' =W 6@;@
)There are two categories of (
6 (
) here:(1) (
78 0 giB
)(2) (
=>? 0 giB
)The first category (
78 0 giB
) has seven (6 (
):(1) (
/e, , 24,
) – the () is repeated, e.g. (a PW!W!bBW$
) – to don a shawl.X;D1[>U[WA :
[dU!bBW$ ; . `dU!bBWoX WX^< ¨ W!W!bBW$ XdU!bBWoX> WdW!bBW$
[dU!bBWoXA ^& ;0
(2) (
/ee, .24,
) – there is an extra () after the (), e.g.
(
a ^W[W2
) – to don a trouser.X;D1[>U[WA :
W[W2 DU[W X> ^W[W2 bU[W2 ; . aU[W X WX^< ¨ ^
bU[W XA ^& ;0
(3) (
/, .42',
) – there is an extra (
) after the (), e.g.
(
asW^f[W"
) – to command. This word can be used as (W^f[W2
) as well.X;D1[>U[WA :
W^f[W" XUf[WX> W^f[W"
[Uf[W" ; . `Uf[WX WX^< ¨s
[Uf[WXA ^& ;0
(4) (
/, .'24,
) – there is an extra (
) after the (), e.g.
(
a ^1W>[W
) – to trim the extra leaves of a plant.X;D1[>U[WA :
`LU>[W+X WX^< ¨ ^1W>[W XLU>[W+X> WLW>[W
[LU>[W ; .
[LU>[W+XA ^& ;0
(5) (
/, .$2,
)– there is an extra () after the (), e.g.
(
a W W [W$
) – to make someone don socks.X;D1[>U[WA :
[6U [W$ ; . `6U [WoX WX^< ¨ W W [W$ X6U [WoX> W6W [W$
^& ;0
[6U [WoXA
(6) (
/, .K24,
)– there is an extra ('
) after the (), e.g. (
a W WbB^K
) – tomake someone don a hat.
X;D1[>U[WA :
[UbB^K ; . `UbB^)X WX^< ¨ W WbB^K XUbB^)X> WWbB^K
[UbB^)XA ^& ;0
make someone don a hat.
X;D1[>U[WA :
WX^< ¨sW bB^K W bB^)X> WU bBDKW ¡bB^)X WX^< ¨sW bB^K [U bB^)X> W bB^K UbB^)XA ^& ;0 UbB^K ; . bB^)X
(
W bB^K
) was originally (W W bB^K
). ([U bB^)X>
) was originally (XU bB^)X>
). (¨sW bB^K
) was originally (¨ WW bB^K
). These changes will be discussed later.The second category - (
=>? 0 giB
) has three groups:(1) (
a/DB[1W* giB
)(2) (
a^B[Ub<U giB
)(3) (
aBU b<U giB
)The first group (
a/DB[1W* giB
) has 8 (6 (
):(1) (
/3N 24.O
) – the extra letters are (N
) before the () and the ()
is repeated, e.g. (
`dX!bBWoWA
) – to don a shawl.(2) (
/CR24.O
) – the extra letters are (N
) before the () and the ()
between the (
) and the (), e.g. (
aX[W WA
) – to don a trouser.(3) (
/3R42',.O
) – the extra letters are (N
) before the () and a (
)after the (
), e.g. (
`Df[W+WA
) – to be a satan.(4) (
/3R$2,.O
) – the extra letters are (N
) before the () and a ()
after the (
), e.g. (
`6X [WoWA
) – to don socks.(5) (
/3RK24,.O
) – the extra letters are (N
) before the () and a (
'
)after the (
), e.g. (
`XbB^)WA
) – to don a trouser.(6) (
/3R4V..O
) – the extra letters are a (N
) and a (%
) before the (),
e.g. (
`DQ[ WFWA
) – to be poor.(7) (
0IN 24,.O
) – the extra letters are a (N
) before the () and a
(
N
) after the (), e.g. (`NXb1WWA
) – to behave like a devil.(8) (
h324,.O
) – the extra letters are a (N
) before the () and a (
)after the (
), e.g. (¡bB^)WA
) – to don a hat.The conjugation of these (
6 (
) should be done like (^/W [W WA
), while the last one, namely, (¡/[^1WA
) is like ([U bB^)X> bB^K
).The second group, (
a^B[Ub<U giB
) has two (6 (
):/"
) are extra, e.g. (`\W [UbKU@
) – to walk with the chest and neck protruding out.X;D1[>U[WA :
; . `U [Wb)X WX^< 2W [UbKU@ XU [Wb)W> WW [WbKU@
[U [Wb)WA ^& ;0 [U [WbKU@
(2) (
i", 2K-4V-A
) – The (
) after the (), the ('
) after the () and the
(
/" s?
) are extra, e.g. (,^)[UB[2U@
) – to lie on one’s back.X;D1[>U[WA :
)[^B[2U@
Ug[^B[2U@ ; . ¡g[^B[ X WX^< ®,^)[UB[2U@ [U)[^B[ W>
^B[ WA ^& ;0
Ug[
The (
=
) of this (6
) – (,^)[UB[2U@
) was originally (`^)[UB[2U@
). The (
) was changed to a (s?
).The third group - (
aBUb<U giB
) has one (6
):(
/C, 2$-V-A
) – The () after the () and one () is extra, e.g.
(
`7 W=[pUbU@
) – to strive.X;D1[>U[WA :
h=UpWbU@ ; . =UpWbQX WX^< 7W=[pUbU@ =UpWbQW> h=WpWbU@
[7U=[pWbQWA ^& ¢=UpWbQWA ^& h=UpWbQWA ^& ;0 [7U=[pWbU@ ¢=UpWbU@
In all the word-forms of this (
6
), (%l7@
) has been applied and the changes are similar to those of (hWW+bKU@
).Exercise 36
What is the word-form (
5"
) of the following words and which (6
) are they from:The Seven Categories
With regards to the letters of verbs, they fall into seven categories, namely:
L1 y L0 y F y JK# y $( y H y ]i"
Definitions
Term Meaning Example
]i"
A word whose root letters do not have a (s?
), (PB P
)13or two letters of the same type
WWW#
H
A word having a (PB P
)in the (
FBQ ,<
)W=W0W
$(
A word having a (PB P
)in the (
FBQ G0
)^^K
JK#
A word having a (PB P
)in the (
FBQ %&
)W0W7
F
A word having a (s?PP
) as aroot letter – a hamzated verb
WW^(
L0
A word having, as its rootletters, two letters of the same type
h=W
L1
A word having two (PP
B
) as the root letters^KW
13 The ( B0 ) are (), (L) and ().
1) The term (
/PP*
) refers to any verb that contains a (B
).2) If there is a (
PB
) in the (PFBQ ,P<
), it is called (^1b ¦/W*[X
) or (H
), eg (W=W0W
).3) If there is a (
PB
) in the (PFBQ GP0
), it is called ([Wb ¦/W*[X
) or ($(
), e.g. (^^K
).4) If there is a (
PB P
) in the (PFBQ %&
), it is called (U%B ¦/W*[X
) or (JK#
), e.g. (W0W7
).5) If the (
PFBQ ,P<
) has a (), it is called ( PH
) eg(
W=W0W
).6) If the (
PFBQ ,<
) has a (
), it is called (IP> PH
). eg(
WW W>
).7) If the (
PFBQ GP0
) has a (), it is called ( P$(
)eg (
^^K
).8) If the (
PFBQ G0
) has a (
), it is called (IP> P$(
)eg (
W W
).9) If the (
PFBQ %&
) has a (), it is called ( JKP#
) eg(
W0 W7
).10) If the (
FBQ %&
) has a (
), it is called (IP> JKP#
) eg(
WW
).11) If the (
FBQ ,<
) has a (s?P
), it is called (P1 PF
)eg (
WW^(
).12) If the (
PFBQ GP0
) has a (s?P
), it is called (PF
G
) eg (^^qW2
).13) If the (
F BQ %&
) has a (s?
), it is called (%:P PF
)eg (
^(W^K
).14) (
LP1
) is of two types: (rP1 LP1
) and (LP1
')
).15) (
rPP1 LPP1
) is when the two (PPB PP
) areseparate, e.g. (
^KW
).16) (
'PP) LPP1
) is when the two (PPB PP
) areadjacent to one another, e.g. (
W^j
).17) If the (
PFBQ GP0
) and (PFBQ %&
) are the same, it is called (9:9 L0
) e.g. (h=W
).18) If the (
) and the first () and the (
) and the second () are the same letters, it is called (
0P L0P
) e.g.(
^W?bW
).Exercise 37
Classify the following verbs according to the seven categories:
)
The Rules of (
F
)Rule 1:
It is permissible to change a (
s?PP
), that is alone and (2
) to correspond to the previous ().
That is,
(a) after a (
;i*<
), change the (s?
) into an (L
).Example
(
`\ W (V
)(head) becomes(`\W
. )(b) after a (
F
), change the (s?
) into a ().Example
`\[~X
(destitute) becomes (`\[X
).(c) after a (
s
), change the (s?
) into a (
).Example
v
`dbIU
(wolf) becomes (`d[>Uv
).n n n n n Rule 2
If a hamzah mutaharrik (
ZPPi* s?PP
) appears before a (s?P
) that is (P2
), it becomes necessary to change the (2
) letter to the corresponding (B
).Examples
^(
WW
becomesWW
WUbD
becomesWU[D
#WbU
becomes#WF[>U
.n n n n n Rule 3
(3.1) It is permissible to change a (
s?P
) that is (_P*1
)and is preceded by a (
F
) to a ().Example
W~X$
a'
becomesa'WX$
W~X$
a'
is the plural ofW#a W~X$
which means a perfume holder.(3.2) It is permissible to change a (
s?P
) that is (_P*1
)and is preceded by a (
s
) into a (
).Example
`^ U
becomes`WU
.n n n n n Rule 4
(4.1) If two (
s ?PP
)’s are (ZPPi*
) and one of them is (P Q
), then it is permissible to change the second (s?P
)into a (
).Example
^U@
a h
can also be read asa hFU>^
.If there are two (
s?P
)'s which are (ZPi*
) and none of them are (PP Q
), then it is necessary to change the second (s?
) into a ().Examples
i)
X%U7 ^(^(
will be read asX%U7W^
ii)
D/ ^(D(¢
will be read asD/¢WD(
(
¡,W$
) originally was (aPU> W$
) (/P0< P2
ofS,PW$
). The(
) which comes after (=PI LP
) will change into a(
s?P
). It becomes (a P PUIW$
). Now there are two (s?P
ZPi*
) and one of them is (P Q
) . The second (s?P
)changes into a (
) becoming (`UIPPW$
) (according to the rule ofa PP¢U^
- rule 4.1). (`UIPPW$
) can also be written as[X>U,PPW$
. The (FPP
) on the (
) is/PP)9
(difficult to pronounce). Therefore it is removed and ([[ P PPPUIW$
)remains. Now due to (
GPP2 PPF*$@
) (the coming together of two [P2
] letters), the (P2
) is deleted.We are left with
[ P UIW$
which can also be read as¡,W$
.Step by Step
W$
aPU> aUIW$
(`UIW$
) ([X> U,W$
)(
[[> U,W$
)[UI W$
(¡,W$
)n n n n n Rule 5
If a (
s?P
) comes after the () or (
) that ares =P
and=I
s
or if a (s?P
) comes after the (
) of (5PA P2
), it ispermissible to change the (
s?PPP
) into the letter that precedes it and then (%PPl7@
) (incorporation of one letter into another) is made.Example of (
)s=I s=
X
a ^I[Xb) asW[Xb) X ashXb)X
The word (
a ^I[Xb) X
) is the (1 2
) of (D(Wb)W> ^(W^K
).Example (
)s=I s=
a ^ [UfWM a W[UfWM a hUfWM
.Example of
5A 2
`U [^<D( `U[^<D( `¢^<D(
.The word (
`U P[^<D(
) is the (5PA P2
) of (`\XPb<^(
) which is the (O}
) of (`\bq^<
) - meaning axe.n n n n n Rule 6
If there occurs a (
s?P
) after the (LP
) of/P01
and before a (¯
), the (s?PP
) changes to (PP*1 PP>
) and the (
)changes to (
L
).Example
The word (
W>^fWM
) is the plural of (a ^ [UfWM
).The word (
PW>^fWM
) was originally (aU>P^fWM
). The (
) whichcomes after the (
LPP
) of (OPP}
) as the second last letter, changes into a (s?PP
).14 It becomes (,U,PP^fWM
). Now we have two (ZPi* s?P
)’s and one of them is (P Q
).The rule of (
a PPhFU>^
) applies, whereby the second (s?PP
)changes into a (
) and becomes`UIP^fWM
. Now there is a14 This refers to rule no. 18 which you will read under the rules of /* .
(
s?P
) after the (LP
) of/P01
and it is before a (
). Itchanges to (
P*1 P>
) and the (
) changes to (LP
). Theword becomes (
W>^fWM
).NOTE: This law is compulsory (
$
).Step by Step
^fWM
U>
a
,U,^fWM
`UI ^fWM
W>^fWM
n n n n n Rule 7
If a (
s?P
) is (ZPi*
) and it comes after a (P2
) that isnot a (
{=PI {=
) nor is it (5PA
) , then the (P
) ofthe (
s?
) is given to the letter preceding it.This law is permissible (
$
).Examples
1) In the word (
D/^ P[ W>
), the (P
) of the (s?P
) is given to the (\
) and the (s?
) is then deleted. It becomes(
D/W W>
).2) In the words
W]P^Bb<^( [=^K
the (P
) of the (s?P
) is given to(
W]^Bb< W=^K
).3) In the words
X{PWM^( [PU[W>
the (P
) of the (s?P
) istransferred to the (
) and the (s?PP
) is then deleted. It becomes (X{WM WU[W>
).n n n n n Rule 8
The rule of (
D/^ PP[ W>
) is compulsorily applied to all the (P< (
) (verbs) of (¯ WPW>
) and (¯ WPX>
) (P P
8
).Example
In (
X [W>^(
) the (Pi*<
) of the (s?P
) is given to the () and the
(
s?
) is deleted. It becomes (¯ WW>
).NOTE:
It is permissible to apply this rule to the (
N)*PP+ ,P-
)(derived nouns) too.
The (
F =
) can be read as ( [W
) or (W
).The (
2
) can be read as (as[U
) or (as WU
).The (
Pi*<
) of the (s?P
) of (as^([PU
) is given to the () and
then the (
s?
) is removed leaving (as WU
).The (
1 2
) can be read as (UI[W
) or (UW
).n n n n n Rule 9
If a (
ZPi* s?P
) is preceded by a (ZPi*
) letter, then both (d PP>K GPP GPP
) and (=PP GPP GPP
) are both permissible.9.1 (
d P>K G G
) is to read the (s?P
) between its (eP|
)and the (
e|
) of the (B
) corresponding to its (hamza’s).
9.2 (
=P GP G
) is to read a letter between its (eP|
) andthe (
ePP|
) of the (PPB PP
) corresponding to the preceding ().
(
G G
) is also known as/ A
.Examples
When (
G G
) is made on the word (^^qW2
), then in both(
d>K G G
) and (=P
) the (eP|
) will be that of (s?P
)and (
L
).(
e|
) will be between (s?
) and (
). If (=P GP GP
) ismade, then the (
e|
) will be between (s?
) and(
L
).In the word (
W% X~^
) if (d>K G G
) is made, then the(
e|
) will be between (s?
) and (). If (=P GP GP
) ismade then the (
e|
) will be between (s?
) and (L
).(9.3) If there is a (
PPi* s?PP
) after (LPP
), it is permissible to apply (d>K G G
) only. (=P GP GP
) isnot permissible in this case.
Examples
[1] In the word (
S,hDK
), the (s?
) is (_*1
). Therefore the (s?
) will be read between the (e|
) of the (s?
) and the(
L
).[2] If (
T,hDK
) is read with a (F
), the (s?
) will be read between the (e|
) of the (s?
) and ().[3] If (
U,hDK
) is read with a (s
), the (s?
) will be read between the (e|
) of the (s?
) and (
).Rule 10
If a (
%1*2@ s?
) comes before a (s?
) as in the word ([X*[#^(^(
), then it is permissible to apply the rule of(
X%U7W^(
) (Rule 4). Thus, ([X*[#^(^(
) will be read as ([X*[# ^(W
) .It is also permissible to make (
/P A
), whether (dP>K
) or(
=
).It is also permissible to bring an (
L
) between the two (s?
)’s and read it as ([X*[#^(
).n n n n n Exercise 38
(1) Apply rule no.1 to the following words:
) ( 1 W\bqW ^&
) ( 2 `b U<
) ( 3 ` [~X2
(2) Which rule applies to the word (
amUM
) and how?(3)Analyse the changes to the word (
¡,W
).(4) Apply the rule of (
F
) to the word (a ^I[X![W
).(5) What can (
WR[#^(^(
) also be read as?The Orthography15 of the Hamzah
The following rules are general guidelines with regards to how a hamzah is written:
(a) Hamzah is invariably written over or under an alif at the beginning of a word, e.g. (
WW^(
), (WUD(
) and (a'W [#U@
).(b) When the initial hamzah is followed by an alif of prolongation (long vowel
LP
), the latter is replaced by a madd over the initial alif, e.g. (`U
) for (`U^(
).(c) The hamzah tends to be written over the semi-consonant (
PPB PP
) corresponding to the vowel () of the preceding letter.
Examples:
(
XXbqW>
), (XW[~X>
), (W~DfW
), (XRb UfWM
)(d) Where the previous consonant has a (
'QPP2
), thehamzah tends to be written over the semi-consonant (
B
) coinciding with its own vowel ().
Examples:
(
a[X~[ W
), (a ^BU [2^(
), (W%^qW
)This rule is applied for (
P /P1
) instead of (c) above.Thus, (
W\X~PW
) is written with a () and (WU PW2
) with a (¯
)without dots.
15 the correct spelling
The Paradigms of (
F
)! :D
Nj2k,\V ! e . .J.B )* "
Dv[XMbqPW WPX^< ¨mP[M^( DmPWM[~X> ^mUMD(W amUM WX^< ¨m[M^( DmXMbqW> ^mWM^(
U'^mPWMbqW amPWMbqW X;P[U X [4 bmXMbqWA ^& X;[W0 X[hW bmXM X;[U X[^qb^
PUM£W U'^mPW[U amW[U X;[U D ^£bW DmUM£W
U'WA^mPW[U as^mPW[U W Dm
DmPWM X;P[U U/[PU b1h* D/PWb<^(W DmU[M£W U'^vW[U avW[U W DmUM£W
W amPWMD( U'W>^mP[MD( ^m[MD( X;[U Dwh#W~XFbW DmUMW^(W ^'[DmWM U'^mWM
`NW>^m[MD(
Analysis of the changes
(1) The (
P(
) of this (6P
) is (bmPXM
) which is an exception from the normal method of constructing the (P(
). (bmPXM
)was originally (
bmXM[D(
).(2) Similarly, the (
PP(
) of (D/PPDbW> ^/PP^^(
) is (b/PPD
). It is necessary to delete the (s?
) from both (bmXM
) and (b/D
).(3) In the verb, (
XXbqPW> WPW^(
), it is permissible to delete the hamzas and to retain them. Therefore, both ([PPX
) and ([PPX[D(
) are correct to use. If the verb is used at the(
s?
), e.g. it is stated in a hadîth, (Us^BhU [DW7^[^( [XX
).(4) If the verb is used in the middle of the sentence, then most often the hamzah is retained, e.g. The Qur’ânic verse, (
Us^BhU W^B[p^( [Xb(W
).(5) In the word-forms of (
P P
) of this (6P
),besides the singular first person (
BQ*P =P
), the rule of (`\b(W
) has been applied. The same rule applies to the (1 2
) and (4 2
).(6) The rule of (
`b U
) applies in the (3 2
).(7) The rule of (
`\[~PPX
) applies in the (PP PP
)except for the singular first person (
BQ* =
).(8) In the singular first person (
BQ*P =P
) of (P
) and the (
/ 1* 2
), the rule of (
) applies.(9) In the plural (
OP}
) of (/P 1* P2
), the rule of (X%U7W^(
)applies.
(10) In the singular first person of the (
PP PP
),the rule of (
WU[D(
) applies.Exercise 39
(a) Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1
^/^^(
) ( 2 WW^(
(b) What is the paradigm of the (
PP8 PP
) of (W6W7^(
)?(c) What is the paradigm of the (
PP PP(
) of (WW^(
)?(d) What is the paradigm of the (
PP PP
) of (S^/^^(
)?(e) How has the word (
XU2W^(
) changed from its original?R 2,\V ! e .). . )* " ! :D
[2^( XU2bqW> WW2^(
X[^qPb^ ` [PX2bqW WPX^< [2^( XW2[~X> WU2D(W `U2 WX^<
XPU2£W U'WPU2bqW `U2bqW X;[U X [4 [U2bqWA ^& X;[W0 X[hW [U [>U@ X;[U
` PW [U XPU2£W U'WAWPU [U asWW [U XU2£W U'WU [U `W [U X;[U D ^£bW
U
^'[XPW2 U'WPW2 XPW2 X;P[U U/[PU b1h* D/Wb<^(W X[U2£W U'W W [
Analysis of the changes
(1) The changes of this (
6P
) are similar to those of (mPM(
mPMq>
) except for the imperative (P(
) – ([PU [>U@
) – where the rule of (a'WF[>U@
) applies.(2) The other (
6PP (
) of (7PP8 PP9:9
) follow the same pattern.Exercise 40
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 W^9^(
) ( 2 WU^(
(b) What is the paradigm of the (
PP PP
) of (WU^(
)?(c) What is the paradigm of the (
8 (
) of (W;^^(
)?(d) What is the paradigm of the (
) of (
WU^(
)?(e) How has the word (
[XU [>U@
) changed from its original?R.-2W-lV ,! e C4A )* " ! :D
[>U@
X[^qb^ `WFWA[X WX^< WFU*[>U@ XWFWA[X> WUFXA[D(W `UFWA[X WX^< WFU*[>U@ XUFWAbqW> WWFW*
`WFWA[X X;[U X [4 [UFWAbqWA ^& X;[W0 X[hW [UFW*[>U@ X;[U
Analysis of the changes
(1) The rule of (
a'PWF[>U@
) applies in the (P P
),(
(
) and (=
).(2) The rule of (
WU[D(
) applies in the ().
(3) The rule of (
`\b(W
) applies in the ().
(4) The rule of (
`\[~PPX
) applies in the (PP PP
),(
/01 2
), (1 2
) and (4 2
).N !,j2'-2lV ,! e C4A )* " ! :D
WX^< #^m[U*[2@ D'^vbqW*[ X> ^'UvbqX*[2D(W a'UvbqW*[ X WX^< #^m[U*[2@ D'UvbqW*[ W> ^'^vbqW*[2U@
W*[ WA ^& X;[W0 X[hW b'UvbqW*[2U@ X;[U X[^qb^ a'^vbqW*[ X
a'^vbqW*[ X X;[U X [4 b'Uvbq
Analysis of the changes
(1) Conjugate all the verbs of (
;P< =P>? P9:9 6 (
) likethe conjugations of (
^mWM^(
) and (WWFW*[>U@
).Exercise 41
Conjugate the following verbs:
) ( 1 WLW#bqW*[2U@
) ( 2 WWFW*bIU@
) ( 3
^q[#U@
W^j
(b) What is the paradigm of the (
PP PP
) of(
WU^(
)?(c) What is the paradigm of the (
8 (
) of (W;^^(
)?(d) What is the paradigm of the (
) of (
WU^(
)?(e) How has the word (
[XU [>U@
) changed from its original?Discussion of (
G F
)(1) The rule of (
GP GP
) or (/P A
) applies to all the verbs of () of (7P8 P9:9 GP F
). Note that this rule is optional.(2) The rule of (
D/^ P[ W>
) applies to the (P
) and (P(
) of(
78 9:9 G F
).(3) (
XUI[?W> W ^(W
) is from (6P 6P
), (D/^ P[ W> ^^qPW2
) is from(
]*< 6
), (X^ [ W> WU W2
) is from (O- 6
), (X%X~PbBW> W%X~P^
) is from (% 6
).(4) In the imperative (
PP(
), after applying the rule of (D/^ PP[ W>
), the (/PP" s?PP
) is deleted. Therefore ([PPUI[U@
)becomes (
[ U
), (b/^ PP[2U@
) becomes (b/PPW2
), (W^ PP[2U(
) becomes ([W2
) and ([D bD(
) becomes ([D
).The conjugation of the imperative second person (
PP(
) form is as follows:
^'[ U W U [U U [X U W U [ U
bBW2
W ^BW2 [UBW2 [DBW2 ^BW2 b/W2
W[FW2 WFW2 [UFW2 [XFW2 WFW2 [W2
W[FD WFD [UFD [XFD WFD [D
Discussion of (%: F)
(1) In most of the word-forms of (
%:P PF
), the rule of (G G
) or (/ A
) applies, e.g. (D( Wb)W> ^(W^K
).(2) The rule of (
`WU
) applies to (P P =P
), e.g.(
S,UDK
).Conjugate the following verbs:
)
The Rules Of (
/*
)Rule 1
(1.1) The (
) which appears between (N:0
)16which is (
_*1
) and the (PFBQ G P0
) which is (P Q
),falls off.
Example
The word
X=U0[W>
becomesX=UW>
.Every (
) that comes between the(
_*1 N:0
) and the (FB
) which is(
_PP*1
), the () falls off, on condition that either the (FB
) or the (FB
) is from the () B
)17.Example
The word
XdWp[W>
becomesXdWW>
.Note:
Every (
¯ PPH
) on the scale of (6PP
) follows this rule.n n n n n
16
N:0
are the following letters' N L
Rule 2
If a (
=
) is on the scale of (a/[U<
) and its (FBQ ,<
) is a(
), that () is deleted and the (FB
) is given a (s
). A (s
) is then added at the end of the word.Step by Step Example
`=[0W `=[0 `=U0 asW=U0
Note:
If the (
P
) has a (Pi*<
) on its (PFB
), for example in the word (XOW W>
), the (PFBQ ,P<
) of the (=P
) can also be given a (i*<
).Step by Step Example
The word (
a WW2
) the (=
) of (XOW W> WOU2W
).`O[2U `O[2 `OW2 a WW2
Note:
It is also permissible to read (
a WW2
) as (a WU2
).n n n n n
Rule 3
(3.1) If a (
2
) is not (7C=+
) and is preceded by a (s
), it changes into a (
).Example
The word
`7W0[U
changes to`7W[U
.Exception
The word (
`hPPUB[$U@
) will remain unchanged, because the ()is
l=
(7C=+
).(3.2) If (
P2
) is not (l=P
) and it is preceded by a (F
), the (
) changes into a ().Example
The word (
`U [X
) changes to (`U2[X
).Exceptions
The word (
`?¢X
) remains unchanged because the (
) is(
l=
).(3.3) If an (
LP
) is preceded by a (FP
), it will change into a ().Step by Step Example
^/WA^K ^/ UADK ^/UA[DK
(3.4) If an (
LP
) is preceded by a (sP
), it will change into a (
).Example
The plural of (
`6W[iU
) is (X6U WiW
). This changes to (Xd[>U WiW
) because the (L
) is preceded by a (s
).n n n n n Rule 4
If the (
FBQ ,<
) of (*< 6
) is a (B"(
) or(
B"(
), the () or (
) will change into a (N
) and(
%PPl7
) will be made, that is, both the (N
)’s will be assimilated.Step by Step Example of (
H
)W=^)WA[U@ W=^)W* P [AU@ W=^) P hAU@
Step by Step Example of (
I> H
)[>U
P
WW W* WW W* P [AU WW hAU
Rule 5
(5.1) If at the beginning of a word there is a (
%FP
), itis permissible to change it into a (
s?
).Examples
(
`{[PX$X
– plural of`;P[$W
) changes to (`{[PX$D
). (This is an example of an2
).(
[RW* P KX
– the [] of
`RKA
) changes to(
[RW* P KD
). (This is an example of a/<
).(5.2) If (
PP Q
) appears at the beginning of a word, it is permissible to change it to a (s?
).Example
(
`_WU
– swordbelt) can be read as (`_WU@
).(5.3) If a (
P<
) appears in the middle of a word, it is permissible to change it into a (s?
).Example
Rarely is a (
_*1
) changed into a (s?
).Examples
(
`=WW
- one) can be read as (`=W^
).(
asW#W
– a lazy woman) can be read as (asW#^
).n n n n n Rule 6
When two (
ZPPi*
) come together at the beginning of a word, it is compulsory (dPP$
) to change the first ()into a (
s?
).Example
(
D/U"WW
) is read as (D/U"W^
) (This is the plural ofa ^BU"W
).(
a/U[>WX
) is read as (a/PU[>WD(
). This is the (PP5 A P2@
) of(
a/U"W
).n n n n n
Rule 7
(7.1) If (
) or (
) (ZPi*
) is preceded by aPi*<
, the ()or (
) is changed into an (L
).Examples
Example of a (
Zi*
) in the middle of a (/<
):(
^W^K
) changes to (^^K
).Example of a (
Zi*
) in the middle of a (/<
):(
WOWW
) changes to (W W
).Example of a (
Zi*
) at the end of a (/<
):(
WW0W7
) changes to (W0W7
).Example of a (
Zi*
) at the end of a (/<
):(
W WW
) changes to (WW
).Example of a (
Zi*
) in an (2
):(
`6WW
) changes to (`6W
).Example of a (
Zi*
) in an (2
):(
`dWW#
) changes to (`6W#
).Conditions for the above rule
This rule only applies if the following conditions are met:
[1] The (
) or (Zi*
) must not be in the place of thePFBQ ,P<
W=W0W^<
- the () is in the place of the (FBQ ,<
) and the () is a (
Lf0
). It will also not apply to (<WWA
)because the (
) is in the place of the (PFBQ ,P<
) of (6P /1A
).It will also not apply to
Wh WWA
- (
) is in the place of the (FBQ ,<
) of (/1A 6
).[2] The (
) or (
) must not be in place of the (PFB
) ofa word which is (
LP1
). (LP1
is that word which has twoPB P
). Therefore this law will not apply to the word (¯WP^j
) . Here () is in the place of the (PFB
). Thelaw will also not apply in the word (
WPU W
). Here (
) is inthe place of the (
FB
).[3] The (
) or (
) must not come before the (LPP
) of(
PPPHPA
). Therefore this law will not apply to the word (WPW0W7
), since there is a () before the (LP
) of (PPHPA
)and in the word (
PPWW
), since there is a (
) before the (L
) of (PHPA
).[4] The (
) or (
) must not come before a ({=PPI {C=PP
).Therefore this law will not apply to the word (
a/PP[>U^j
)because the (
) is before a (
) which is not a (PP
(
BP"
). It will also not apply in the word (` [PX^l
) because the () after the (
) is not a (BP" P
). Also in the word (a PPW W^l
), the (
) is before an (LPP
) which is not a (B"
).Objection
In the words (
[W0W7
), (^'[PW+[W>
), (^'[PW+[WA
) and (W[PW+[WA
), the(
) and (
) were not supposed to be changed to (LPP
)because they came before a (
{=PI {C=P
), but yet this rule has been applied.Answer
The (
) in these words is a separate word and it is the (/0<
) of the (/P<
), while the ({=P
) is not (=PI
), therefore the () or (
) changes to (L
) and then falls off due to(
G2 F*$@
).Step by Step Examples
[XW0W7
([DBW^<
)[W0W7
[W0W7 XW+[W>
^'[
(^'[DBWb1W>
)^'[W+[W> ^'[W+[W>
^'[XW+[WA
(^'[DBWb1WA
)^'[W+[WA ^'[W+[WA W[UW+[WA
(W[UBWb1WA
)W[>W+[WA W[W+[WA
[5] The (
ZPi*
) or (ZPi*
) must not be before ( 7C=PP+
), for example, the word (UPP^BW0
). The (
) or (ZPi*
) must also not be before (=PA '
), for example, the word(
hUW+[MU@
).[6] The word must not have the meaning of a colour or defect, for example,
(
W UW0
) (to be one-eyed),(
W=UW"
) (to have a crooked neck).[7] The word must not be on the scale of (
a' P^B W^<
), ( P^BW^<
) or(
a ^BW^<
), for example(
a'W WW7
) – (a' ^B W^<
) – example of (). [meaning – rotation](
a'^BWW2
) – (a' ^B W^<
) example of (
). [meaning – flowing](
¯W WPW"
) – ( P^BW^<
) example of (). [meaning – name of a spring of water](
¯ W=PPWW
) – ( PP^BW^<
) example of (
). [meaning – to walk arrogantly – from=° 7
]and (
a P^WW
) – (a P^BW^<
) example of (). [meaning – weaver – plural of`UIW
][8] The word must not be from (
PP*<@ 6PP
) having the meaning of (/0 1A 6P
). For example, the wordW WPW*[$U@
(inthe meaning of
W WPPWoWA
) andW WPPW*[0U@
(in the meaning ofWWWA
W
). Both words mean to take in turns.(7.2) If after such an (
LP
) (which has been changed from a or
), there is a (2
) letter, the (L
) falls off.Examples
[1] In the word (
[XPW0W7
), the first () changes to (LP
). Itbecomes (
[W0W7
). Here (LP
) has come before a (P2
).L [W0W7
[2] In the word (
W[UPW[WA
), the first (
) changes to an (LP
).Due to the (
LP
) coming before a (P2
), it is deleted. It becomes (W[W[WA
).
(7.3) If such an (
LPP
) has come before a (wPP#A N
) of(
P /P<
), even if the (N
) is (ZPi*
), the (LP
) isdeleted.
Examples
1. The word (
[NWPW0W7
) changes to ([NPW0W7
). Now we have an (LP
) before (wP#A N
) of (P /P<
). Therefore it is deleted. It becomes ([RW0W7
).2. The word (
WA WW0W7
) changes to (WAW0W7
). There is a (wP#WA PA ZPi*
) after the (LP
). Therefore the (LP
) is deleted. It becomesW*W0W7
.(7.4) In the (
5"
) of (), from (
wP#~ OP}
dPIl
) until the end, if the word is ( P$
), whether the (PFBQ G0
) has a (FP
) or (Pi*<
), after deleting the (L
), the (FBQ ,<
) is given a (F
).Example in which (
FB
) has a (i*<
)(
WbWP^K
) changes to (WbP^K
). The (LP
) is now deleted because it is followed by a (P2
). It becomes (WPbB^K
). The (r
) isnow given a (
FPP
) because it is ( PP$
). Itbecomes (
WbB DK
). The word (WbB DK
) is from the (6
) of (#
).
Example in which (
FB
) has a (F
)X^j
Wb
Wb^j WbB^j WbBDj
The word (
WbBDj
) is from the (6
) of (%X
).(7.5) In the (
5P" P P
), from (wP#~ OP}
dPIl
) till the end, after deleting the (LP
), if it is (P$
IP>
) or there is a (sP
) on the (PFB
) in (P$
), the (FBQ ,<
) is given a (s
).Example in which (
FB
) has a (s
)In the word (
W[WPW
), the (ZPi*
) is preceded by a (Pi*<
).The (
LP
) is deleted. It becomes (WP[W
). Now the (6
) isgiven a (
s
). It becomes (W[U
).Step by Step Example of (
$
) with (s
)Wb<UWM Wb<WM Wb1WM Wb1UM
The word (
Wb1UM
) is from the (6
) of (O-
).n n n n n
Rule 8
(8.1) If the letter before (
) or (
) is (P2
), the (P
)of the (
) or (
) is transferred to the preceding letter.Example
[1] In the word (
DXPb)W>
), the (P
) of the () which is a (FP
) in this case, is given to the (r
). It becomes (D[PD)W>
).(This is an example of
$(
).[2] In the word (
XOPU[!W>
), the (sP
) of the (
) is given to the (6
). It becomes (XOP[U!W>
). (This is an example ofP$(
¯>
).(8.2) If the (
P
) is a (Pi*<
), the () or (
) is changed into an (L
).Examples
[1] In the word (
DW Pb)X>
), the (Pi*<
) of the () is given to the (r
). It becomes (D[P^)X>
). Now due to the (Pi*<
), the () ischanged into an (
L
) becoming (D^)X>
).b)X>
DW
D[^)X>
D^)X>
[2] In the word (
XOPW[!X>
), the (Pi*<
) of the (
) is given to the (6
) becoming (XOP[W!X>
). Now due to the (Pi*<
) of the (6
)the (
) changes into an (L
), thus becoming (X W!X>
).XOW[!X> XO[W!X> X W!X>
Remember
The conditions applicable to Rule 7 apply to Rule 8 as well.
case of (
F
) and (s
), the () or (
) will be deleted.Example of (
¯ $(
)In the word (
b[PD)W> [^
) because of (GP2 PF*$@
) the ()is deleted. It becomes (
b/D)W> [^
).Example of
I> $(
In the word (
[O P[ U!W> [P^
), the (
) is followed by a (P2
),therefore the (
) is deleted. It becomes ([OU!W> [^
).(8.4) If a (
) or (
) is followed by a (P2
) and preceded by a (Pi*<
), the (LP
) (which was originally or
) isdeleted.
Examples
(
bWb)X> [^
) changes to (bP^)X> [P^
). After the (LP
) is deleted, it becomes (b/^)X> [^
).(
[OWP[!X> [^
) changes to ([ PW!X> [P^
). After the (LP
) is deleted, it becomes ([OW!X> [^
).Important
This rule (Rule 8) does not apply to the words (
W=PW0W [PW
)This rule (Rule 8) does not apply to the words (