j. The implementation of changing from gasoline to fuel gas for vehicles also turned out to be a problem. One of the most known accidents is Transjakarta bus which is on fire. More than 15 cases of Transjakarta bus is on fire in 2015 and at least 2 cases in 2016. This became big since Transjakarta bus is one of the vehicle that use fuel gas as the fuel, and not gasoline. But experts has proved that the risk of vehicle explosion is not on the fuel and technology applied, but in the maintenance part.
k. Besides that, the accidents from Transjakarta bus are all on fire, not explode. If the accidents occurs because of gas, then there will be explosion. CNG, as mentioned before has lower density than air, which means when it leak, CNG will vaporize and gone with the air, especially when the vehicle move, so there will reduce the chance of explosion to almost zero possibility.
l.
2. 6. Countermeasures of Fuel Gas Accident 2.6.1. CNG as BBG
Proper maintenance with the right preventive inspection
Proper thermal insulation in the engine
areas of potential sources of fires designed and installed properly
using high-grade electrical components
training for bus drivers and crew in handling fires
using fire detection systems, automatic fire and manuals that are reliable and correct selection
insulation system that auto fuel breaker in the event of leakage both in situations of normal operation and in case of accident
m. Before use, storage tanks of CNG through several tests, as follow:
1. Bump test
The room should be open and have good air circulation
Placed an air vent at the bottom near the LPG gas cylinder placed
LPG gas cylinders must always be perpendicular and protected from solar thermal
2. Installation of gas cylinders
Make sure the LPG cylinder does not leak and broken
Tighten the clamp on the stove and regulators at both ends
rubber hose that will be installed on the LPG cylinder.
Players / gas stove knob should be turned off when connecting a gas stove with LPG cylinder
Remove the plastic seal on the valve LPG cylinder
Before installing the regulator on LPG cylinder valve, knob position must be horizontal.
Regulators must not loose or easily detached.
Turn 90° regulator knob clockwise (to right) until the knob position to vertical / perpendicular, so that LPG gas flowing to the gas stove.
Gas stove should be placed on the flat and away from flammable materials
3. Prior to the use of LPG gas stove
Make sure the LPG cylinder in an perpendicular position
Make sure the regulator on LPG cylinder valve has been locked
Check the gas stove, hoses, clamps and regulators and make sure there are no leaks.
Hoses must be protected from heat and should not be crushed by any objects.
4. If there is leakage of LPG gas
There will LPG odor
Remove the regulator
Bring LPG cylinder out of the room / out of the house and put it on the ground / open space
Do not ingnite a fire or turn the power supply 5. If fire occurs in the accessories (hose, regulator)
Remove the regulator of the LPG cylinder while it possible
Bring LPG gas cylinders and other reserves to a place far away from the location of the flame.
Put out the fire using a wet burlap sack or with a small fire extinguisher type of CO2 or dry chemical
6. Maintenance tube
Protect the markings on the tube which is the identity of the gas cylinder
Do not use the top gas tube as a place to put objects or household material.
If gas cylinder is leaking, brought the gas cylinders into the open space and away from sparks or heat or electricity. Do not try to fix it yourself.
There may not mix gas in the gas cylinder or try to recharge the tube itself. Always contact a competent supplier of gas cylinders.
Can not be hit and banged gas cylinders o.
2.6.3. CNG on Gas Pipeline
p. Risk of gas pipeline leakage in cities and towns is high, of which the reason is many-sided. Main reasons are defects of the pipe itself, corrosion, pipeline construction problems, the third party damage, destruction of environment factors, gas pipeline leak detection of adverse and gas pipeline safety management factors. Where, pipe quality, construction problems, corrosion of buried gas pipeline, and the third party damage are particularly prominent. Gas is flammable and explosive, and equipment and pipeline of gas pressure transmission and distribution network are complex, of which gas supply is continuous, once fire explosion risk of leakage is large, it easily leads to a large range of gas combustion and explosion spaces. The electrostatic discharge spark energy of the gas when pressure pipeline breaks or venting speed is high, is sufficient to ignite the gas.
q. Gas Pipeline is very safety method to transport and storage of gas than 3 kg tank LPG. One causes that make leakage accident of gas pipe line is earthquake. The following steps that we have to respons is:
a.
Repair Method of Leakage Accident by Earthquake
r. Gas pipeline accident repair is an important measure to assure pipeline integrity after earthquake. There are some common repair methods for leakage accident of long distance gas transmission pipeline:
the pipe clamping method, repair welding method, pipeline crack repair technology, cross threaded but joint technology, metal bonds repair
method, confined finite element analysis, online repairing technology and so on.
b.
Emergency Response System
s. Gas pipeline leakage accident by earthquake should make effective control and treatment as soon as possible and farthest reduce and eliminate seismic loss. In order to make pipeline leakage accident emergency treatment well-organized, figure 3 provides an effective accident emergency process.
t.
u. Figure 2.3. Emergency Accident Response Progress of Gas Leakage by Earthquake
v. (Source: Liu Wu, et al. 2008)
c.
Accident Emergency Organization System and Work Duty
w. Use accident emergency response progress as framework, we can establish emergency organization like Figure 2.3. shows:
Emergency headquarters: it organized by pipeline operation management apartment, local government and the department heads of environment, police, fire and health. The main duty is making sure prevention and emergency plan of gas leakage and diffusion accident.
Emergency office: it is a permanent establishment in emergency organization. It is organized by department heads of pipeline management department's production scheduling, safe operation and safety supervision and monitoring station. The main duty is making and implementing emergency plan and establishing technical reserve.
Emergency professional team: it contains police fire protection, monitoring assessment, medical rescue and engineering emergency. It provides various professional help in emergency response.
x.
y. Figure 2.4. The Relationship in Emergency Organization System
z. (Source: Liu Wu, et al. 2008)
d.
Emergency Communication System
aa. Emergency communication system of gas pipeline leakage accidents contains three parts of accident alarm, emergency command and disaster information release. The requirements are
1. alarm system should set up special telephone in normal time and make full use of existed rescue alarm system 110,119,120 to achieve communication unblocked.
2. command system should be organized by office telephone, cell phone and interphone that are relatively secure to outside.
3. information publication system is consisted of broadcasting, TV and communication automobiles. It broadcasting accident situation and the adopted emergency measure.
e.
Emergency Protection and Secure
ab. When some great gas pipeline leakage accident happened, the prior duty of emergency action is control the accident leakage source and prevents important protection object injuries like population injury.
According to different requirement of protection and secure, we divided gas sweep region into secure region, protection region and safe region by diffusion prediction model and set up relatively monitoring place to monitor and adjust in time. The emergency protection and secure progress is shown in figure 2.5.
ac.
ad. Figure 2.5. Emergency Protection and Secure Procedure
ae. (Source: Liu Wu, et al. 2008)
f.
Emergency Plan
af. The purpose of establishing gas leakage and diffusion accident possible damage. Once the earthquake caused gas pipeline leakage, we can gather preparedness information immediately and guide emergency operation workers to adopt effective emergency measures. The emergency plan contains
1. emergency organization
2. hazard identifying and risk assessment 3. notification procedure and alarm system 4. emergency equipment and facilities
5. emergency evaluation ability and resource 6. protection measure progress
7. information publish and public education 8. recovery program after accident
9. training and practicing 10. protection of emergency plan.
g.
Termination of Emergency Situation
ag. Gas pipeline leakage accident contains two progresses of emergency disposal and afterward disposal. After emergency disposal, we can get the following three conditions:
1. according to suggestions of emergency headquarter, make sure leakage accident is under control with accident equipment is in safe status, 2. relevant department has already adopted effective measures to prevent
public from suffering damage,
3. relevant department is asked to establish and implement environmental recovery plan.
ah. As the accident control area and environments quality are under recovery, emergency headquarter can announce terminate emergency status and work in afterward disposal. Afterward disposals are
1. organized and implement environmental recovery plan
2. continue monitoring and evaluating harmful situation and environment pollution status until basically recovered
3. evaluate damage loss, collate and harmonize compensation and other things.
ai.
aj. CHAPTER III REAL LIFE PROBLEM
3. 1. Common Mistakes by The People
When we use of fuel gas, there is always a risk or the chances of the accident to be occurred. The focus of this sub-chapter is explained about the mistake by the peoples when using LPG, and the accident that caused of it. It’s because those explosion accidents of fuel gas in Indonesia are dominated by the use of LPG. The risk of explosion when there are the mistakes by the peoples when using LPG is high.
In Indonesia, peoples sometime do many bad habits when use the fuel gas that cause the accident. Also, the mistakes that cause hazard are dominated by the use of LPG. For the examples, peoples that work every day as food traders often change their gas and open the regulator when the fire is still burn in their stove.
Even, some of them burns their cigarettes when change their fuel gas, even when the fire is still in their stove. Peoples also don’t check whether they have installed the equipment LPG correctly.
Figure 3.1. The Food Traders That Use LPG
(Source: img.photobucket.com)
In the causes of the explosion of LPG, there are many reasons beside the mistake by the peoples that have explained above. Let’s focus on the equipment of
LPG. First, the peoples doesn’t realize that their regulator have a poor quality.
Some regulator even doesn’t have the SNI standard. This kind of regulator is doesn’t cover the tube well, so that the gas from the tube is leak outside. When the gas is leak outside, the risk of explosion that can occur is high, because the concentration of C3 and C4 gas in the air is rising.
Figure 3.2. Regulator of LPG
(Source: tradenia.com)
Second, peoples also doesn’t take a look to another equipment in LPG, that is the hose. The hose can cause the explosion. It’s not only because of the hose that maybe have a poor quality. The hose can leak the gas out to the air, because of the rats. The rats are like to bite the hose. The risk of this disruption of the rats is high enough, because the LPG must have placed in the bottom. At the result, the chance of explosion is rise because the leak of the hose.
Figure 3.3. Hose of LPG
(Source: img.bisnis.com)
The characteristic of good hose that fulfill the standard is consists of three layers, the outer layer is a fire-resistant teflon, the middle layer is a layer from yarn that has be oiled by rat poison, and the inner layer is a layer that has designed to withstand the pressure of the gas. Please note that use of the hose located at the back of the stove is very prone to be damage due to exposure to hot oil spilling or bitten by the rats.
Also, the hose also must clean from another gas or air that trapped inside the hose. Another gas or air inside the hose can become impurities to the LPG gas.
Then, the impurities can affect the quality of the hose, especially if there’s some water inside the hose, because it can make corrosion to the hose. The hose can be broken by these impurities because the hose is designed specifically only for LPG gas. Also, these impurities can affect the quality of the gas combustion in the stove to be imperfect.
There is also one important thing that the peoples miss it when started using the LPG at their home, there is the ventilation. The ventilation is very important for the safety aspect of using the LPG. Because, the ventilation inside the house, especially in kitchen is prevent the gas to be accumulated, so that the chances for explosion that can occur is getting higher. The good ventilation when using LPG is not only on the top, but also in the bottom of the room, because the molecular mass of the gas in LPG (C3 and C4) is little bit heavy.
Figure 3.4. The Example of Good Ventilation
(Source: PT Pertamina, 2010)
The accident of fuel gas, especially by the use of LPG is still high in Indonesia. The example of that bad habit and the bad quality of the equipment of LPG can increase the chances of accident, the fuel gas can blazed and explode, because a wildfire that destroy their asset and property, injured the peoples, even cause the peoples killed. The peoples like to do anything arbitrarily while use the fuel gas, without pay attention about the safety aspect.
In the focus of CNG accident, in Indonesia the Trans Jakarta Bus is using CNG for their fuel. But, sometimes the Trans Jakarta Bus suffers a fire accident.
The causes of bus fire by the fire sources are:
Electricity System
Commonly, the broken electricity system is happens in the room of battery/accu, alternator, or AC compressor.
Friction
In the tyres because of its leak, or the worn-out brakes
Engine components
Because the leaks of fuel gas, lubricants, the broken in exhaust/turbocharger, or the overheated components.
Figure 3.5. Trans Jakarta Bus Fire Accident
(Source: Kompasiana)
3. 2. Current HSE Publication of Fuel Gas
So far, the government in Indonesia have done the effort to publicize the health and safety use of fuel gas to the peoples. The objective of the effort is to
educate the peoples how to use the fuel gas safely, in the result to depress the number of fuel gas explosion accidents that occur. The specific target of HSE publication is the peoples that often use the LPG, such as housewives and food trades, the drivers that use the CNG, and the gas station staffs.
For the common peoples like the housewives and the drivers, Pertamina is use the advertisement on the television. The television is used because the range and scope of it’s very large the peoples. Over years ago, there is an advertisement from the government. The advertisement was explained the safety use of LPG 3 kilograms. But unfortunately, now the advertisement is no longer in television.
This decision is very pity because the advertisement is useful, have a good content about the safety of using LPG 3 kilograms.
Figure 3.6. Television Advertisement About HSE of Fuel Gas
(Source: mir-s3-cdn-cf.behance.net)
The government, in this case is Pertamina, also have made the poster about the safety instruction to use the LPG 3 kilograms. In this example, the poster is have a four main content, such as the safety preparation before using LPG, how to use a stove gas correctly, how to do when the LPG is exhausted or how to change the LPG, and the warning about any dangerous action when using LPG. These main contents in the poster are very good to explain to the peoples, but unfortunately, this poster is very rarely found among the society.
Figure 3.7. Poster About Safety Use of LPG 3 Kilograms
(Source: PT Pertamina, 2010)
3. 3. Implementation of Regulation
The government in Indonesia has focused to implement the safety regulation of fuel gas to the LPG and CNG. The common target by the government is the producer, distributor, and the consumer or the peoples that use the fuel gas. The authorities that have a right to regulate the regulation of the LPG and CNG are the central government (Pemerintah RI), province government (Pemprov), and district or city government (Pemkab or Pemkot). They make the regulation, while the direct supervision is due by the inspectors of HSE, specialist of steam engines and pressure vessels.
The implementation of regulation based on the constitution must have principle to be preventive, systematic, and comprehensive. The regulation from the government is set the fuel gas (LPG and CNG) in the society by the three principles above, such as:
a) Plan and design
b) Production and manufacture
c) Installation d) Selling
e) Usage and maintenance f) Reparation and modification
In the implementation of CNG safety regulation, the target is users (drivers, etc.) and providers, such as the owners and the staffs of fuel gas station (SPBG).
For the users, the government test the fuel gas vehicle to the standard. When the vehicle passed the test, it will be given the roadworthy permission to the vehicle.
In the SPBG owners and staffs, the government will be given correct and safety CNG technical. The government also take standardization to the garage of the fuel gas vehicles.
Figure 3.8. The PGN Fuel Gas Station in Surabaya
(Source: korannusantara.com)
For the LPG, the government have set a standard quality (SNI) for LPG equipment, such as tube, hose, regulator, etc. The standard quality is very important to be applied, because to make sure the peoples is safe by using high quality equipment. Standard quality is applied not only for the domestic equipment suppliers, but also for the foreign suppliers that want to enter their product to Indonesia. But sometimes, equipment that not have a standard quality is wriggle out to the society. Let’s check to the distribution and commercialization channel of LPG.
In the distribution of LPG, especially 3 kilograms, the government has authorities to monitored LPG distribution channels. The distribution of LPG must through a number of phases which maintained its quality control. Monitoring of LPG only up to the agents.
Figure 3.9. Distribution Channels of LPG, Monitored by Pertamina
(Source: PT Pertamina, 2010)
In addition, the trade of LPG actually has official regulation by the government or Pertamina. After produce at the factory, LPG must enter the warehouse of Pertamina to have quality control and sampling test before being distributed to the SPBBE/SPBE. This regulation has the objectives to ensure the quality of the tube. But, beside of it, there is also illegal trade of LPG. This illegal trade doesn’t check the quality of the product, after being produced in the factory,
In addition, the trade of LPG actually has official regulation by the government or Pertamina. After produce at the factory, LPG must enter the warehouse of Pertamina to have quality control and sampling test before being distributed to the SPBBE/SPBE. This regulation has the objectives to ensure the quality of the tube. But, beside of it, there is also illegal trade of LPG. This illegal trade doesn’t check the quality of the product, after being produced in the factory,