CONCLUSIONES PARCIALES

for the first time, h has not happened before,

firth a narrow a r m of the sea, e.g. the Firth of Forth in Scotland, fish cold-blooded creatures which live in water and are covered with scales: • T o fish is to try to catch fish.

fisherman a m a n who tries to catch fish,

fishermen men who try to catch fish.

fishmonger a m a n whose busi-ness is selling fish,

fission Nuclear fission is the splitting of atoms by which much power is released (in bombs or power stations),

fist tightly dosed h a n d with which people t h u m p o r punc&.

fit suitable, e.g. f o o d f i t iota, king;

• correct size and shape, e.g. T h e shoes are a perfect fit. • T h e shoes fit me. • in good health, e.g.

Sam couldn't play in the match because he wasn't fit. • A sud-den attack of illness, e.g. T h e m a n collapsed on the floor in a fit.

fitness suitability; • healthiness, fitted T h e shoes fitted m e

per-fectly (Le. they were of the correct size a n d shape.)

the fixtures (hooks, handles, shelves, etc.) a n d furni-ture in a house, shop, etc.

five (5) one more than four, fix to fasten, e.g. Y o u f i x a bracket

to the wall with screws. • T o be in A fix is to be in difficulty,

fixed fastened; settled,

fixture something that is fixed, e.g. a date, or a shel£ e.g. O u r

school team's next fixture is against your school team,

fixx a hissing sound, e.g. m a d e by a mineral d n n k when poured o u t ;

• to make this hissing sound, flabby soft and limp, e.g. I h a t e

being offered a flabby h a n d t o shake.

flag T h e British flag, die U n k m Jack, • was flying from the

flag-pole. m to hang down loosely;

to become weak; • a plant of t h e iris family, often seen growing beside streams,

flagon a large bottle, often with handle, spout a n d lid.

flagon flange flagrant easily noticed, e.g. a

flagrant piece of b a d driving (L$.

anyone could see t h a t tlje car was - being badly driven),

flake a small, flat piece, e.g. of paint off a wall; • a mow/lake.

flaky Flaky things (pastry, for example) easily break into flakes, flame A candle burns with a

yellow flame.

flaming blazing,

flange Train wheels have a flange on the inside edge, which keeps them on the rails.

Hank the side (of a n animal, a n army, a mountain, etc.).

flannel 119 flick flannel soft woollen material; •

a piece of material with which people wash themselves,

flap a broad strip fastened along one edge; • to move up and down like wings,

flare a light used as a signal or a marker by aircraft, ships, etc. • To flare u p is to burst suddenly into flame or temper,

flash A flash of light lasts only an instant.

flask a narrow-necked bottle, e.g.

a vacuum flask for keeping liquids hot (or cold).

w # - r J

*

flask flatfish

flat a set of living rooms on one floor of a building; • a flat surface is level. • Singing is flat when the notes are too low.

flatfish fish like plaice and sole, which are flat and have both their eyes on the top side,

flatten to make flat,

flatter T o flatter someone is to give him more praise than he deserves.

flattery praise that is not really meant,

flaunt to show off.

flavour the special taste of a food, e.g. the flavour of meat, cheese, etc. • T o flavour some-thing is to a d d flavouring.

flavouring a substance which gives a special flavour to food (e.g.

salt, vanilla, almond, etc.).

flaw A flaw in a piece of metal, etc., is a crack or a weak spot of any kind,

flax T h e flax plant produces lin-seed, a n d linen is inade from its stem.

flaxen Flaxen hair is yellowish in colour.

flay to peel off the skin; • to whip or beat someone so that his skin is stripped off.

flea a small jumping insect which bites people or animals. • A flea-bite is a small, unimportant matter,

fled ran away,

fledgeling a young bird, flee to r u n away,

fleece the mass of wool which covers a sheep. • To fleece someone is to strip him of his money, fleecy like a fleece,

fleet a group of ships, aircraft, taxis, etc., under one person's control; • swift,

fleeting passing rapidly away, quick, e.g. a fleeting glance, flesh O u r arms and legs consist

of . bones covered with flesh.

flew T h e bird flew up into a tree.

T h e aircraft flew from London to Paris.

flex flexible insulated wire con-nected to electric table lamps, etc.

flexible Wire, etc., is flexible if it will easily bend about without breaking,

flick a light, quick blow with a whip, duster, etc., or with the fingernail.

flicker 120 flowing flicker A flame is said to flicker

when it waves to and fro or burns unsteadily,

flickering A flickering light (or flame) is one that shines un-steadily.

flier a bird, airman, etc., that flies; • a fast train, coach, etc.

(also spelt flyer).

flies flying insects that spread disease. • T h e bird walks slowly but flies very quickly,

flight a jourqey by aircraft; • the action of flying; • a set of stairs or hurdles; • running away, flighty A flighty person is one

whose likes and dislikes keep changing,

flimsy weak, e.g. a flimsy struc-ture, a flimsy excuse.

to draw back. T h e heavy blow caused the boxer to flinch.

fling to throw. • A Highland fling is a lively Scottish dance. • T o have your fling is to have a spell of doing just what you like, flint a hard, grey, shiny stone,

often white on the surface, flippant A flippant remark is one

that makes light of a serious subject.

flirt to make love insincerely, just for the fun of it.

flit to move (to another house);

• to fly about lighdy.

float Wood will float on the sur-face of water, but stone sinks to the bottom. • A cork, etc., put on a fishing line to show when a fish is at the bait is called a float.

flock T h e shepherd had charge of a flock of sheep,

floe (pron. flo) a sheet of floating ice.

flog to beat with a stick, whip, etc.; • (slang) to sell,

flogging a beating, a whipping;

• beating, whipping; • (slang) selling.

flood During the flood, farms and streets were covered with water.. • Rice farmers flood their fields with water,

flooding The river overflowed, flooding the surrounding

country-side.

floor We'll cover that floor with a carpet, or lino,

flop to sit or drop carelessly; • a failure, e.g. T h e concert was a flop.

floral Flora/decorations, patterns, etc. are made up of flowers.

florin T h e former British silver coin worth two shillings, and now' called a iop piece; • a silver or gold coin,

florist someone whose work is with flowers,

flounce to jerk the body about in order to show displeasure, etc.

flounder to struggle; • a smajl flat-fish.

flour We make flour by grinding corn.

flourish to do well, to prosper. • T o flourish a sword, etc., is to wave it about.

flourishing doing well, prosper-ing, e.g. a flourishing business, flow T h e rivers flow into the sea.

flower My favourite flower is the rose. • To flower is to bear flowers, flowering A plant is flowering

when the flowers growing on it are open.

flowing The river was flowing under the bridge.

flown ,121 fobl flown T h e nest was empty, for

the birds h a d flown away, flu (short ibr) influenza, an illness

causing pains in the limbs, run-ning nose, etc.

flue a pipe, etc., which carries smoke or fumes from a fire,

fluent A fluent speaker is one whose words flow smoothly be-cause he knows just what to say and how to say it.

fluff little bits of light, woolly stuff from blankets, etc.

fluid a liquid or gas, e.g. Water and air are fluids.

fluke a lucky, accidental stroke, e.g. when a ball you do not see hits your bat and goes away to the boundary,

flung thrown carelessly or vio-lendy.

flurried worried and confused, e.g. G r a n d m a was so flurried when visitors arrived unexpectedly that she did not know w h a t to do.

flurry to worry and confuse. • A flurry of snow is a very short snowfall.

flush T o flush a drain, etc., is to clean it out with a flow of water.

• t o blush, i.e. t o go red in the face.

fluster T o fluster someone is to cause h i m to become nervous and confused,

flute a musical wind instrument, held across the face when being played.

flute

flutter to wave to and fro like a flag in a breeze; • (ofbirds, moths, etc.) to flap wings without flying anywhere,

fluttered T h e flag fluttered in the breeze. • T h e moths fluttered round the light (i.e. flapped their wings without flying),

fly a flying insect which spreads disease; • to travel through the air with wings or in an aircraft, flyer a bird, airman, etc., that

flies; • a fast train, coach, etc.

(also spelt flier).

flying An aircraft is flying over-head. T h e birds are flying to their nests.

foal a young horse or donkey, foam the mass of tiny bubbles

that form on a liquid, e.g. on sea water when waves break, focus to adjust a camera,

binocu-lars, etc., so as to get a clear picture.

fodder dried food provided for cattle in sheds, e.g. hay.

foe an enemy.

fog thick mist, e.g. T h e fog was so thick that we could see only a few yards ahead,

fogey, fogy an old-fashioned old m a n .

foggy A foggy day is one when there is fog (i.e. thick mist), foil t o outwit, e.g. T o foil the

robbers we p u t a dummy package in t h e safe. • paper-thin metal used as wrapping for chocolate, etc.

foist T o foist something on t o someone is to get him to have it against his will,

fold T o fold a piece of paper, etc., is to double it over. • an enclosure for sheep.

folder 122 ford folder a cover of thin cardboard

in which to keep loose papers, foliage leaves (of plants).

folk people.

folksong a song by n o known ccfrlj poser, which has been passed down through generations of people by word of mouth, follow to understand an

explana-tion. • T o follow someone is t o walk behind him, or to come after him.

followed T h e dog followed a t the heels of his master,

follower a supporter or admirer, folly foolishness,

fond T o be fond of someone, or something, is to like him or it very much.

fondle to stroke lovingly, fondness liking o r affection.

J a n e has such a.fondness for sweets;

she spends all her pocket money on them,

font a structure a t the west end of a church, which contains the basin i n which t h e water for baptism is plac6d.

font

food T h e food we eat most often is bread,

foot a .stupid person,

foolhardy A foolhardy person is one who foolishly takes unneces-sary risks.

foolish silly, stupid,

foolproof so simple o r so care-fully worked out that even a fool could manage it.

foolscap paper which is about 13 in. widfe by 17 in. long, foot You have five toes on your

foot. • 12 inches = I foot.

football a game in which a large ball is kicked (soccer); • a game in which a large oval ball is kicked and thrown (Rugby foot-ball) ; • the ball used in soccer or Rugby football,

foothold a place where the foot can get a firm support, e.g. when climbing,

footpath a path suitable only for people on foot,

footprint the mark left by a foot, e.g. in the snow,

footstep the sound of a foot on the ground,

footwear boots, shoes, slippers, etc.

forage t o search a b o u t ; • food for horses and cattle,

forbid ' I forbid you t o do this' means that I order you not to d o it.

forbidden If you have been for-bidden to do something, you have been ordered not to do it.

force T o force someone t o d o something is to make him do it, although he doesn't want to. • strength, power,

forced I did n o t want t o be here, but J i m forced m e to come, forcible done by force,

ford A t the ford t h e river is ' shallow enough for us t o walk

across.

123

fore a t t h e front, e.g. t h e fort p a r t of a ship,

forearm t h e p a r t of t h e a r m between t h e elfcww a n d wrist, forecast T o forecast t h e w e a t h e r

is t o say i n a d v a n c e w h a t t h e weather is expected t o be. • A weather forecast is a statement of w h a t t h e w e a t h e r is expected t o be.

forefather g r a n d f a t h e r , great-g r a n d f a t h e r , etc.

forefinger t h e finger next to t h e t h u m b .

foregone A foregone conclusion is something a b o u t w h i c h you h a v e m a d e u p y o u r m i n d in advance, forehead t h e p a r t of t h e face

which is a b o v e t h e eyebrows, foreign h a v i n g t o d o with

coun-tries o t h e r t h a n y o u r o w n , e.g.

foreign l a n g u a g e , foreign coin, foreman a w o r k m a n whose j o b

is t o tell o t h e r w o r k m e n w h a t t o do.

foremost first o r most i m p o r t a n t , forest a large a r e a of trees a n d

u n d e r g r o w t h ,

forestall Y o u forestall someone w he n you get in before h i m a n d d o something t h a t h e h a d intended to do.

foretell T h e fortune-teller says h e can foretell t h e f u t u r e ,

forfeit s o m e t h i n g p a i d as a penalty - especially i n party games; • p a i d a s a penalty, e.g. His life was forfeit.

forgave T h e b o y said h e was sorry, so w e forgave h i m (i.e. let h i m o f f ) .

forge T h e blacksmith worked a t his forge, h e a t i n g t h e iron a n d

h a m m e r i n g i t i n t o shape. • T o forge someone's . signature is t o

i m i t a t e it.

forger s o m e o n e w h o copies p a p e r s , etc., dishonesdy.

forgery t h e c r i m e c o m m i t t e d by forgers.

forget People .who have b a d m e m o r i e s forget things,

forgetful likely t o forget things, forgive I f y o u a r e sorry for your mistake I will forgive you (i.e. let you o f f ) ,

forgiveness p a r d o n ,

forgotten If something you used t o k n o w h a s g o n e from your m i n d , you h a v e forgotten it.

fork W e e a t food w i t h a knife a n d fork. • D a d digs t h e g a r d e n with a fork. • t h e place w h e r e t w o roads o r b r a n c h e s (of a tree) m e e t .

/

garden fork forlorn A forlorn h o p e is ^ idea

t h a t is p r e t t y sure t o fail. • sad a n d lonely,

form a long seat w i t h o u t a b a c k ;

• a class in school; • a p a p e r t o b e filled i n . • T o form something is t o s h a p e it o r m a k e it.

formal following t h e custom, e.g.

Anything_/brma/ is d o n e because it is necessary o r p r o p e r , a n d n o t o u t of friendliness, e.g. a formal visit, a formal letter.

formality 124 fountain

formality something t h a t h a s t o b e done, even t h o u g h i t seems t o b e unnecessary,

formation forming, e . g . T h e h e a t e r prevents the formation of mist o n t h e car windows, former past, e.g. M r . G r e e n e is

a former h e a d m a s t e r of t h e school.

• first-mentioned, e.g. J o n e s a n d S m i t h a r e old boys; t h e / o i w r was school c a p t a i n .

formidable difficult t o over-come a n d r a t h e r frightening, formula a set of symbols used in

algebra, science, etc., e.g. n r1 (the formula for the area of a circle), or

H j O (the formula for w a t e r ) , forsake t o give u p , t o desert,

e.g. N e v e r forsake a friend w h e n h e is in trouble,

-forsaken given up, deserted, e.g.

W h y h a v e you forsaken y o u r old fiiend ?

forsook gave up, deserted, e;g.

' T h e y forsook h i m a n d fled' m e a n s they r a n a w a y a n d left h i m . fort a strong building for defence

against enemies,

forth T o go forth is to go f o r w a r d , fortieth (40th) O n y o u r fortieth

b i r t h d a y you h a v e lived 40 years.

• ( A ) o n e divided b y forty, f o r t i f i c a t i o n s walls, b a n k s of

e a r t h , towers, etc., w h i c h m a d e a place strong (to resist attack), fortify t o m a k e strong,

fortress a military s t r o n g h o l d ; especially a t o w n with fortifica-tions a n d containing soldiers, fortunate W e were fortunate i n

h a v i n g a fine d a y for o u r sports, fortunately Fortunately i t was a

fine d a y for o u r g a r d e n p a r t y .

fortune M y uncle died a n d left us a fortuju of £ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . • I h a d t h e good fortune to h a v e a k i n d a n d h a p p y m o t h e r ,

forty (40) four tens,

forward, forwards J e a n s w u n g b a c k w a r d s a n d forwards o n t h e swing. W e walked forward to greet o u r m e n d s ,

fossil the h a r d e n e d r e m a i n s of a n ancient p l a n t or a n i m a l , f o u n d in t h e earth,

foster As Betty's p a r e n t s w e r e d e a d , she was b r o u g h t u p b y a _/iw/w-mother.

fought T h e knights d r e w their swords a n d fought till o n e of t h e m was killed,

foul unfair, e.g. a foul, • or foul t h r o w , i n football; • filthy, dis-gusting, e.g. foul language, found I h a v e found t h e book t h a t

I lost; here it is.

foundation t h e strong base o n w h i c h a t h i n g is built, e.g. t h e concrete foundation of a house, founded T h a t school was founded

(i.e. started) m a n y years ago.

foundry a factory w h e r e m e t a l is melted a n d p u t into m o u l d s t o m a k e such things a s cast-iron pipes.

fountain T h e jets of w a t e r squirting u p from t h e fountain look very pretty.

fountain

four 125 fireJgbt four (4) You have four fingers

and a t h u m b on each h a n d , fourteen (14) ten a n d four, fourteenth (14th) O n your

four-teenth birthday you have lived 14 years. • ( A ) o n e divided b y fourteen.

fourth (4th) O n your fourth birth-day you had liveid four years. •

(J) a q u a r t e r ; one divided by four, fowl a bird, especially a chicken

(cock or hen),

foxglove a plant with lots of purple or white flowers on a tall stem.

foxglove

fraction a p a r t ; especially a vulgar fraction, e.g. i , i , etc., or a decimal fraction, e.g. -o, -715, etc.

fracture a break, especially a break in a bone. a. T o fraciiire a bone (or anything else) is to break it.

fragile easily broken,

fragment a piece that has been broken off something,

fragrance pleasantness of smell, e.g. the fragrance of a rose, fragrant A fragrant flower is one

that has a pleasant smell, frail weak a n d feeble,

frame W e p u t the picture in a wooden frame a n d hung it on the wall.

framework T h e building started with a steeL.frameivork which was late* filled in with bricks a n d concrete. 1

franc the unit of French money;

1 franc — 100 Centimes.

France a large country in die west of Europe,

frank T o b e frank is to say what you really think...

frankly T o speak frankly is to be completely honest a n d ' h i d e nothing.

frantic m a d with pain, anger, etc.; • wildly excited, e.g. J i m became frantic as the boat sailed away leaving him alone on the island.

fraud a dishonest trick,

fray T h a t watch-strap will fray 'your shirt-cuff (i..e. rub it a n d make it ragged). • a noisy quarrel or fight.

frayed ragged at the edges, freak A freak (of nature) is a

creature that is wrongly formed in some way, e.g. a sheep with six legs.

freckles light brown spots on the skin.

free You do not have to pay for these books; they are free, m T o free a prisoner is to let him go. •

D u r i n g the holiday we are free to do as we like,

freedom being free,

freely without hindrance, with-out payment.

freeze If you freeze water it becomes ice.

freight cargo carried by a n air-craft, etc. (apart from passengers).

French 126 frisky French T h e French are the people

of France, • a n d French is t h e language they speak. • French things a r e things from o r of France. • French leave is leave taken without permission, frenzy T o be in a frenzy is to be

m a d with fury or excitement, frequency the n u m b e r of times

per second that something h a p -pens - or the number of times per minute, hour, etc.

frequent (pron. fre-quent) ' H e pays frequent visits t o our house' means that h e comes often. •

(pron. fre-quent) ' H e frequents our house' means he is often there, frequently often.

fresh Fresh eggs, fruit, etc., have been recently laid, gathered, etc.

• Fresh air is clean, cool air.

freshen to make fresh or clean, fret to worry; especially to worry

about something you regret.

friar a kind of wandering monk who lived by begging.

friar f r i g a t e friction CHI is put in machinery

to reduce the friction (i.e. so t h a t t h e part* move o n e^ch other m o r e easily). • If t h e r e is friction between people they d o not get on well together,

friday the sixth day of t h e week.

fridge, frig, 'frige (short for) refrigerator. We keep food cool and make ice cubes in the fridge.

fried Fish and chips are fried in boiling fat.

friend someone you like a n d know well and who likes you.

friendly behaving like a friend, friendship O u r friendship h a s

lasted for years (i.e. we have been friends for years),

frigate one of the larger war-ships.

fright a sudden feeling of fear, frighten T o frighten someone is

to make him afraid,

frightened W e frightened t h e birds away b y waving a n d clapping our hands,

frightful A frightful noise, sight, etc., is one that makes you feel afraid,

frigid cold.

frill a decoration; • a strip of material gathered into folds at one edge.

frill f r i n g e fringe the edge; especially a n

edge consisting of threads of material left loose o r short hair hanging straight down the fore-head.

frisky An animal (or person) that is frisky j u m p s about i n a lively manlier.

fritter 127 fames fritter a slice of fi-uit, m e a t , etc.,

covered with batter, and fried. • T o fritter away time, etc., is t o waste it.

frivolous unimportant, silly, e.g.

Don't waste my time by asking frivolous questions,

fro backwards. T o a n d fro means forwards a n d backwards,

frock Jill has a new blue frock to wear at the party,

frog a small, jumping animal that lives in water a n d on land.

frog

frolic to play in a gay and lively way.

frolicsome playful,

from T h e aircraft flew from Lon-don to Paris,

front There are white lights on the front of a car a n d red lights on the back,

frontier the part of a country that is next to another country, frost There is a frost when the

temperature is below freezing point.

frostbite sore places caused by frost.

froth the mass of little bubbles formed on some liquids when they are shaken up or stirred, frown to show displeasure by

wrinkling the brows, etc.; • a look of displeasure.

froze turned into ice.

frozen Ice is frozen water, fruit I like all fruit, especially

apples a n d oranges. • To fruit is to bear fruit,

fruiterer W e buy fruit from a fruiterer.

fruitful A fruitful tree, bush, etc., is one that bears lots of fruit, frump a woman whose clothes

are old-fashioned and shabby, frustrated T o feel frustrated is to

feel that you are being prevented from achieving something. ' fry to cook in boiling fat, usually

in a frying-pan.

fad a substance used for burning, e.g. coal or oil.

fugitive someone who is running away.

fulfil T o fulfil a prophecy is t o cause the events that were foretold to happen. • To fulfil conditions, etc., is t o satisfy them. T o fulfil duties to carry them out (i.e. do them).

fulfilled J a n e was the only one who fulfilled alj the conditions; she

fulfilled J a n e was the only one who fulfilled alj the conditions; she

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