ACTIVIDAD PROPOSITO DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA
7 CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES
Self‐determination theory (SDT) is based on a fundamental principle that all human nature is
inherently oriented toward growth and development, that it demonstrates positive
endeavour, activity and commitment in the lives of individuals. Furthermore, individuals
possess innate psychological needs that are the basis for self‐motivation and personality
integration (Deci & Ryan, 1995). Much of the discussion in Chapter Five focused on values
content and meaning and how this is embedded in behaviour that is construed as self‐
determination. The aim of this section is to explain the causal shifts that take place in self‐
determined behaviour and how this contributes to the sporadic / episodic nature of New
Zealand entrepreneurship.
Deci & Vansteenkiste (2004), state that humans are inherently proactive and actively seek to
control their inner drives and emotions. They also suggest that the positive orientation
individuals have toward growth, development and integrated functioning is innate but
subject to stimulation either by individual choice or by external circumstances. The three
innate needs identified in SDT are a) Competence ‐ which refers to being effective in dealing
with the environment an individual finds themselves in (White, 1959) and can be construed
as largely equivalent to the notion of self‐efficacy; b) Relatedness – which is a universal need
to interact, be connected to and experience caring for others (Baumeister & Leary, 1995)
which is closely associated with the individual’s psychological need for self‐esteem (Maslow,
1959); and c) Autonomy ‐ which is the individual’s universal desire to be causal agents in
their own life and to act in harmony with their integrated self (deCharms, 1968; Deci, 1975)
which is also strongly associated with the individual’s need for independence. These needs
are seen as universal necessities that are inherent to human nature and can be observed in
individuals across time regardless of gender and culture (Chirkov, Ryan, Kim and Kaplan,
141 Self‐determination theory posits a different view of individual motivation, suggesting that a
specific analysis of what motivates an individual at any given time provides a more
satisfactory explanation of their behaviour than dealing with motivation as a unitary
concept. Intrinsic motivation is the natural, inherent drive to seek out challenges and new
possibilities that SDT associate with cognitive and social development.
It was pointed out in the previous chapter and above that Cognitive Evaluation Theory (Deci
& Ryan, 1985) as a sub theory of SDT specified the factors that explain intrinsic motivation
and variability within it. CET focuses on how social and environmental factors assist or
impede intrinsic motivation and concentrate on the individual’s need for competence (self‐
efficacy) and autonomy (independence). Autonomy is strongly associated with competence
so that individuals can perceive their behaviour as authentic and self determined.
Individuals perceive the authenticity of their actions when there is contextual support or
inner resources based on prior development support for both needs (Reeve, Bolt & Cai,
1999). This was demonstrated throughout the sample as participants declared themselves
independent business people, owning and operating on their businesses and using their
autonomy to make decisions and exercise control over it. Intrinsic motivation is also linked
to relatedness (self‐esteem needs) through the assertion that it will grow if the individual
associates it with a sense of security and cooperation in the context of belonging to an
acknowledged group of peers. While control appeared to be expressed as absolute over the
business there was tacit acceptance by participants that total independence is illusory and
there is a need for them to commune with others. The sense of community among
participants acknowledges a basic human need to associate and build their self‐esteem with
their peer group.
The defining goal of Self‐direction as a subcategory of Schwartz’s (1992) values inventory is
independent thought and action, that is, choosing which opportunities to pursue, creating
innovative ideas and exploring alternative solutions. The sub‐category of self‐direction was
derived from the individual’s need for control and mastery (White, 1959; Deci, 1975;
Bandura 1977) both of which are significantly inherent to the construct of self‐
determination. Control and Mastery are also interactional requirements of autonomy and
values sub‐dimension in Schwartz’s values profile, can therefore be equated with and
compared to self‐determination through values content and the overarching goal both
constructs set out to achieve, namely individual growth and development. Four of the most
important values to entrepreneurial behaviour selected by participants in the values survey
(independence, ambition, choosing own goals and creativity), fall in the sub‐category for
self‐direction. I made the assertion earlier in chapter two that entrepreneurial behaviour
was self‐determined behaviour. Self‐determination, and by association, entrepreneurial
behaviour, are therefore predicated on the same values.
My behaviour is definitely self‐determined. I am the creator and master of my own
destiny. I set my own goals for the future and I make my own decisions. I operate
independently and I’m not influenced by what my competitors are doing because
I know I lead the field when it comes to the services I deliver. My challenge is to
stay ahead of the pack and I can only do that if I stay in control and keep doing
what I’m doing (PTCP 27).
The last value, Daring, is classified under Schwartz’s stimulation sub‐dimension and is
derived from the individual’s need for variety and stimulation in order to maintain an
optimal level of performance (Berlyne, 1960; Maddi, 1961; Houston & Mednick, 1963). The
fact that only a small number of participants (notably the serial entrepreneurs) selected this
as an important value associated with entrepreneurial behaviour; supports an assertion that
entrepreneurial behaviour is episodic and sporadic in a New Zealand context. In other
words, there are those who consistently seek out opportunities to be adventurous and
daring and there are others who are more reserved or constrained in this respect. The target
of entrepreneurial behaviour is therefore different for the two groups. One is focused on
developing a successful business venture / product or service while the other group are
focused on consistent entrepreneurial opportunity discovery or creation. Thus, an easier
option to identifying entrepreneurial behaviour is to focus on individuals who consistently
direct their energies toward opportunity identification rather than trying to do so on the
basis of personality traits.
One conclusion that can be drawn from the above discussion is that entrepreneurial
143 emphasis on creativity and daring in the value‐set and is more consistently self‐determined
than entrepreneurial behaviour focused on the creation of one entity. There is a shift away
from creativity and daring in the latter situation toward values more appropriately suited to
a managerial role, that is with greater emphasis on values such as independence, ambition
and risk.
The shift in emphasis from self‐determined behaviour focused on creativity and daring to
self‐determined behaviour focused on independence, ambition and risk has implications for
the individual’s conception of their self‐identity. While individuals may have been perceived
by others to be solely and entirely entrepreneurial, a shift in value emphasis may cause a
shift in other’s perceptions of the individual’s behaviour.