Virus diseases have become a major concern for vanilla production over the last few decades probably as a consequence of the diversifi cation of the cultivation sites and FIGURE 7.8 Simplifi cation of Vanilla agrosystem consecutive to intensifi cation: (a) Underforest counting more than 30 adventive species (shade and support trees, weeds, and associated crops); (b) Semi-intensive system (with 10–20 adventive species); and (c) intensive system under shade house (vanilla plus sometimes a few weeds).
116 Vanilla intensifi cation of vanilla growing systems. In the absence of curative means, prophy-laxis is the only way to avoid viral diseases. The data accumulated on the viruses affecting vanilla throughout the world, particularly CymMV, potyviruses, and CMV enabled the introduction of control measures that proved suffi ciently effective to preserve and expand a profi table vanilla industry.
However, viruses have the ability of evolving extremely fast and the emergence of new pathogenic isolates in vanilla plots are likely to occur, particularly in the context of quick environmental mutations induced by global change (Canto et al., 2009;
Garrett et al., 2006). Huge progress has been accomplished recently in the compre-hension of plant and virus biology and interactions, leading to powerful biotechnolo-gies for engineering virus-resistant varieties. The regeneration of vanilla plants from protoplasts that was recently achieved (Minoo et al., 2008) makes such biotechnolo-gies accessible for the production of transgenic vanilla, expressing high levels of resistance to RNA viruses. However, this strategy has yet to be implemented, possi-bly because virus pressure has been maintained at a tolerable level by conventional methods. In addition, consumers consider vanilla as a natural product and genetic bio-engineering is not compatible with that image.
High-performance tools for nucleic acid detection and identifi cation, such as portable molecular tests, polyvalent PCR, microarrays, next generation DNA sequencing, will also contribute to improve virus management in the future. In par-ticular they will assist in better understanding of vanilla virus epidemiology and subsequently in designing agro-systems by reducing virus impact on crop.
Globally, these technologies will help produce planting material of the highest health and genetic status for the vanilla industry. It is undoubtedly on this elite mate-rial, properly multiplied and cultivated with adequate prophylactic measures, that the future of a profi table and healthy vanilla industry relies.
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