1961 Configuración básica

so was "Protestantism" but a direct succeBSor to Lollar­ dry in Scotland, and, by deduction, to that in England too. At the trialoof the Kyle Lollards, thirty articles were objected against them in 1494, which not only go

a long way to anticipating the position of the later reformers, but even in some respects go beyond it. In these articles it was denied that the Pope had any power to bind and loose which power was given only to St. Peter, to whom the Pope was no true successor. It was also

denied that the Pope had any power to remit the pains of purgatory, while it was stated that indulgencies were

deceitful and images and relics were not to be worshipped; transubstantiation and the sacraments were denied and

simony condemned. Bishops blessings were counted as of no value, and the marriage of priests allowed, whilst 1) Op. cit. p. 266. This, of course, is not surprising when one considers that there was a continuous stream of Scottish students to English Universities during Wycliffe’s time - e.g. in 1366, there were 81 Scottish students at

Oxford -.

2) Of. John Knox, History of the Reformation I p. 7 ed. W. C. Dickinson 1949.

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it was asserted that the King had ho business to ad-

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judioate in such matters, all of which opinions were

' r> :

adopted by the later reformers.

And so the movements for reformation grew, some­ times receiving favour from the rulers in Scotland, and sometimes suffering persecution from them, sotthat its leaders were forced to flee to the continent. Thus Sir John Borthvfick, returning to Scotland from Prance, where as a young man he had served in the French army

and risen to be lieutenant of the King’s Guard, obtained favour at the court of James V, whom he endeavoured to convert to Lutheranism. This action, coupled with the fear that his uncle, Henry VIII, was also bent upon

obtaining James* backing at this time, earned Borthwick the enmity of Cardinal Beaton, who had initiated a

period of protestant persecution. Borthwick, charged

1) See Ibid. p. 7, articles 6, ; 12, 18, 13, 26, 32, 1, 2, 7, € 14, 19, 20, 22, and 9 respectively. Also D.E.Easson, The Juridical Review XLVIII p. 124-28.

2) Similar Lollard beliefs may be found sèt down in various centuries, so that there is no suspicion thatsuch articles were engineered by such later reformers who wrote histories ;

and who might wish to be assisted by favourable propagandar Of. Annales Henrici IV Rolls Series 1866, Historia Aiiglicana of Thomas Walsingham (R.S. 1864); Brit. Mus. Harl. mss. 425 f.8, 421 ff.24,26, Bdin. Univ. Lib. Laing ms. Ill 216

ff.108-111. These references cover a period of over 200 years; and it is no wonder that Latimer’s confession of March 11th 1531 is almost identical with any one of those

T-. 189 —

with propagating English heresies in Scotland, replied: "In this point only the Englishmen differed from the Scots, that they had cast off the yoke of Antichrist; the others had not. Idols were worshipped by both nations; the profaining of the Supper and Baptism

were alike unto them both; wicked superstition reigned on both parts, and true worship was deformed and de-

1

faced with detestable hypocrasy". Borthwick fled to England, and in his absence, was burnt in effigy at St. Andrews for having in his possession a copy of the heretical book "Unio Dissidentium", a work as­ serting justificstion by faith, and for possessing

2

a copy of the New Testament in English. And so, under the guidance of Cardinal Beaton, until his murder in May 1546, which was the occasion for the

first sermon that Knox ever preached, in"St. Leonard’s Yards", and subsequently under the auspices of Mary

of Lorraine, James V ’s second wife, the persecution 1) Gattley’s Poxe V 613.

2) St. Andrew’s Kirk Session Register I p.98 and 99, and Nat. Lib. Scot. Wodrow Misc. ms. fol.9 preface f.l (the ms.

folios are unnumbered). Amongst other things Borthwick was condemned as a heretic who; "Conformiter ad vet ères error es Joannis Wycleif et Joannis Hwss haereticorum in consillo Constanti ensi condemnatorum, affirâavit praedicavit

Ecclesiasticos non debere possidere nec habere possessiones aliquas temporales imo nec etiara habere jurisdictionem aut author it at em aliquam in temporalibus". (Bannatyne mise. i 257.)

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1

went on, and other reforàers were forced to flee. Some, like John Mac Alpine, or Alexander Alane, were already in England, having been invited over by Crom­ well or Cranmer from Germany where they had sought

refuge earlier. John Bendall and John Rough soon joined them there, whilst upon the Castle hill in Edinburgh certain men were burnt, all of whom profes-

2

sed adherence to Lollardry.

Thus began the period of exile abroad for both English and Scots, for when Mary Tudor ascended the English throne then those Scots who had taken refuge South of the Border were forced into flight once again. Most of them went to the continent, although William Ear law, a native of Edinburgh, who had gone into Eng­

land about the year 15S4 to be ordained under Edward VI, and who, in 1551, had become a King’s Chaplain,

chose to seek refuge in his native country in 1554. He began to preach publicly in Edinburgh in 1656 andt

1) The author of The History of the Church and State in Scotland, 1560-1619. (Nat. Lib.. Scot. Wodrow Misc. ms. fol.9, preface f.l), writes of Botthwick’s effigy, burnt at St . Andrews ; "After ye arrivall of Marye of Lorraine , second wyfeto King James the 5 Capitane Jn. Borthwick was brunt in figure for a spectacle and triumphe to hir

welcome". (Mary landed in June 1538 at Balcomie, Fife, so that the report of this incident appears here to be placed too early.)

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the following year was excomtmànicated, but he survived his troubles and in 1660 became minister of St. Cuthberts, Edinburgh.^

It has been suggested that this flight, principally at the beginning of Mary Tudor’s feign, although, of course, it continued in a lesser degree throughout her

2

rule, was an organised exodus. It is very dcabtful whether this is true with regard to England, and it is

certainly not the case with the Scottish exiles. Just as heresy had originally spread ffom the continent, so had the later forms of protestant ism aldo. As we have

3

seen, some Scots such as Alane or MacAlpine, had already been abroad to Germany, whilst’Paris was a favourite

University with Scottish students. Indeed, it is dif­ ficult to decide, in the case of at least one Scot ab­ road at this period, whether he travelled to Paris in order to escape the persecution at home, or whether it

1) John Knox, History of the Reformation, éd. W. C. Dickin­ son 1949 I pp. 118,125,161. jas. Scott, History of the Lives of Protestant Reformers pp.241-244, 55. H. Scott, Fasti Eccles. Scot. I p.93 aiB Nat .Lib. Scot i ms.32.6i41 f.S. 2) Miss G.E.Garrett, Marian Exiles, Introduction passim. 3 ) MacAlpine ’ s wife ’ s fami lyÿ MacheHon, originally. ffom

Sutherland, whose sister married Miles Coverdale, had all : come to England in 1634, and it was there that Agnes Machesb: and MacAlpine met. (New College Edin. Ph.D. Thesis 1937,

Bfedahl Petersen pp.58 and 59, quoting from latih copy of the funeral oration in Joh.Pistorius Brevbog Gl. Kgl. Sami 3078,4.)

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was just a normal migration undertaken in the course of his studies. He was Thomas Craig the lawyer, later

of Rice art on. In 1552 he went as a student to St Andrews ’ University, but did not remain there the usual four years, reveiving his B.A. in 1555, whilst most of his contemp­

oraries did not graduate M.A, until 1557. He then went to Paris to study law, where he mixed with other reform­ ers, and, as he himself implies, participated freely in their discussions, for, of the burning question of choos­ ing Kings by election he remarked; "I remember to have heard this question much tossed and disputed at Paris

when I was a student there" At any rate Craig returned

a converted Protestant. There must have been many Scots in Paris with whom Craig would mingle, for there was

always a contingent of two or three hundred Scots in the Scots Guard in France at this time.^

During Alane’s previous exile, spent mostly at

Wittenberg, the ship which carried him to Germany in 1532 had encountered a storm and was driven off here course to

1) Life of Sir Thomas Craig of Riccarton, P. P. Tytler 1823, pp.2,5,8, the difficulty is to decide whether he had already imbibed protestant ideas before he left Scotland, or whether like Thomas Maitland in 1563 (cfj Scots Hist. Réview IV pp. 274-275) he Acquired them in Paris.

2) Francisque - Michel, Les Eccosais an France I p.453 and ; p.463 note 2, and 275-281, and Spottiswoode, History of the Church of Scotland 1847 ed, p. 197.

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Malmoe in Sweden. Here Alane met a colony of Scots

merchants who were settled there, kept their own preacher, and who had already adopted the reformed religion. ^

There was indeed a steady trickle of such merchants from Scotland to the Baltic countries, who had resolved to settle there. Difficult as it is to decide whether

all such colonies had accepted reformation doctrine s

as had that at Malmoe, it can be asserted that during these years of persecution the number of emigrants increased.

Thus in 1665 an Edinburgh man, Captain Dawson, was lic­ ensed to carry five merchants to Danzig, and another

skipper, James Foular, six to that same city.^ In short, therefore, the Scottish exiles went abroad to anywhere

1) Th. Fischer, The Scots in Germany, p. 165. • ' '

2)

:jvl,:\i'c(Th. Fischer, op.cit.)from the records of Danzig (Kgl. St. Archiv. Danzig D XXIII and XOVIIA Burgher-bucher)

gives the names of 18 merchants who settled in Neuenberg, Danzig, or Frankfurt-am-Oder, betw:een the years 1555 and

1559. Since only six exiles altogether are recorded for the year 1555, and of them not one settled in Danzig, it is obvious, from the licenses granted to Dawson and Foular that many more went abroad than those .whose names are record' ded for us. John Elder, an exile at this time and a native of Caithness, presumably a reformer, for he speaks of the "proud papisticall Bishops" of Scotland in his plan for the union of the two kingdoms, addressed to Henry V M about two years after he sought refuge there in 1540, chose to remain in London, for on January 1st 1555 he had printed a "Letter sent into Scotland", celebrating the marriage of Mary and Philip, in which he styles his residence as the city of London (Bannatyne Misc. Vol. I p.4 note 3 ed. D. Laing). His liberty under Mary he explains himself, for he says, that he has endeavoured to give offence to neither side!