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Figure 4.2 – Location of Bradford Royal Infirmary in Bradford (Source: Google)

Bradford Royal Infirmary (BRI) is the main hospital in Bradford, an industrial city situated in the north of England. The city has a moderate climate with a yearly average (1981-2010) temperature of 11.8˚C with a seasonal variation as shown in Figure 4.3a (Office, 2010). The site itself is located at an elevation of 200m above sea level and the prevailing wind measured between 2010 to 2016, was in a west south west direction with an average speed of 10knots (5.14m/s) (Figure 4.3b).

Figure 4.3 – (a) Seasonal variation of Bradford temperature data from 1981 to 2010 (Office, 2010) [left]; (b) Bradford prevailing wind direction from 2010 to 2016 (Windfinder, 2016) [right]

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1930s Nightingale – [8-10] = field house educational centre; [14-32] = main site 1960s Tower – [1-4] = Maternity Unit; [35-40] = Ear, Nose and Throat 1980s Nucleus [15]

2000s - [7]= Lecture Theatre; [13]=Modular Building with Theatres (2004); [52]=Modular Wards for Elderly care (2008) Plant room and estates office [47]

Figure 4.4 - Bradford Royal Infirmary Site Layout (Source: (NHS Bradford, 2015))

BRI is a gathering of different buildings built over a period of time to enhance the health services provided to the local area. This is demonstrated in Figure 4.4 where four different building types from four distinct age groups can be identified. The original buildings built in 1934 were patterned after the Nightingale ward hospital design type. These buildings (Figure 4.5) provided general patient care, consultancy and an A&E department. The original site design incorporated the Field House educational centre (Figure 4.5), providing accommodation and teaching facilities for trainee medical doctors and nurses. Both the original 1934 building and the Field House centre were built at the same time and therefore had a similar structural design constructed with the same materials. In 2009 the educational facilities of the hospital were again developed through the addition of a modern lecture theatre (Figure 4.6).

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Figure 4.6 - Lecture Theatre [Left]; Ear, Nose & Throat, (tower on podium design) [Right]

In 1965, the ear nose and throat (E.N.T) building (Figure 4.6) was added to the main building to provide extra services for the hospital. The next addition to the site was the maternity building, which was built in 1967 (Figure 4.7). Both the maternity and E.N.T buildings were built according to the tower on podium design which characterises the district general design of hospitals during that time period. The maternity building served 6,000 women and families each year, providing antenatal care, consultancy and facilities for childbirth. In the ‘90s the building was extended to provide neonatal care and consequently the building had two different construction types.

Figure 4.7 - Maternity Building [Left]; Nucleus Building [Right]

In 1986, following the UK trend in development of hospital buildings at the time, a nucleus building containing two extra wards and operating theatres was attached to the main building to increase the services and total number of beds on the site (Figure 4.7). The most recent extensions to the site are the two modular buildings (Figure 4.8). The first built in 2004 contained general wards and operating theatres and the second built in 2008, held two wards providing specialist care for the elderly. The first modular building was constructed and fitted at BRI in 2002 and was at that time Europe’s largest modular hospital (Hinitt, 2008; Yorkon, 2010). The modular buildings were

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constructed using steel beams for structural support with special insulated wall panels providing a façade for the building. The aim was that these buildings were cladded to give a similar appearance to the brickwork of the other buildings on site. The cladding can be seen on the 2004 building (Figure 4.8) and the insulated wall panels can be seen on the 2008 building (Figure 4.8) whose cladding is yet to be fitted. The Bradford Trust has intentions for the construction of another modular building next to the 2008 building, the plans have been pending since 2010 and construction has yet to start in 2014.

In addition to the buildings aforementioned, there were other buildings around the site including office buildings, staff accommodation, plant houses in addition to various support spaces. In total the whole site has 827 beds of which 21% were single rooms, as well as 20 operating theatres and 331 parking spaces for visitors and staff.

Figure 4.8 - Modular Building (2004) [Left], Modular Building (2008) [Right]

The Estates Return Information Collection (ERIC) described earlier on in the thesis includes the age distribution of the buildings in each UK hospital site. The 2011-2012 data for Bradford can be seen in Figure 4.9, they show that the majority of the site was built prior to 1948, and hence the majority of the site is comprised of the Nightingale building design described above. The maternity and E.N.T were built between 1965 and 1975, making up 22% of the site, the nucleus building between 1985 and 1994 taking up 4%, the larger modular building between 1995 and 2004 taking up 7% and the smaller modular building in 2008 making up close to 5% of the site.

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Figure 4.9 – Bradford Royal Infirmary’s building age profiles (Source: ERIC)

4.1.2 Monitoring

The basic energy monitoring strategy used by the estates team at BRI was to use utility bills to assess the total electricity and gas energy used on the site. Each of the wards in the 2008 modular building were fitted with advanced electricity meters which had the capability of being linked to a BMS system for continual monitoring. However, the BMS system at BRI was less advanced and unable to utilise the meters to their full potential. Furthermore, it was found that the electricity metering in the modular buildings were an exception, as the rest of the site did not contain any individual building monitoring.

As Bradford contained such a wide range of buildings, which were essentially un- monitored, it posed a great opportunity to use and develop the monitoring method discussed in the previous chapter. For the work, four buildings were chosen which represented each of the different types of buildings found on the site. One of the Nightingale buildings containing wards 22 and 23, the 2008 modular building, wards 20 and 21 in the nucleus building, and the maternity unit tower block. The description of the wards and the results of monitoring for the first three of these buildings can be seen in the forthcoming chapters.

A chapter dedicated to the maternity unit tower block is not featured in this thesis due to problems in monitoring the energy consumption in this building. The intention was to monitor the energy consumption of a number of the different floors. The first problem encountered was due to the building’s age, the building was nearly 50 years old, and

Age Profile - 2005 to present 5% Age Profile - 1995 to 2004 7% _{1985 to 1994} Age Profile - 4% Age Profile - 1975 to 1984 1% Age Profile - 1965 to 1974 22% Age Profile - 1948 to 1954 0% Age Profile - pre

1948 61%

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the drawings for the building’s HVAC system and electrical circuitry had been lost. This made it difficult to locate the places where the different pipes and circuits branched off to feed the particular wards of interest. Through a survey and investigation undertaken on the building with the estates team, it was found that there was a main LTHW pipe, which ran up the service duct and fed each of the floors. This would have provided a suitable place to fit the heat flow meter, however the pipes were insulated with a material containing asbestos, which meant that it could not be removed to install the LTHW monitoring equipment.

As isolating the tower part of the building was not possible, an alternative strategy was to monitor the LTHW consumption for the whole building. The building shared a plant room with the lecture theatre and field house educational centre; it had a pipe with a 100mm diameter, which branched off from the plant room to feed all the different parts of the maternity unit. After monitoring this pipe on a number of occasions, it was found that there was turbulence in the pipe that did not allow for the reliable reading of flow rate. With regards to the electricity demand, the lack of drawings for the electrical circuitry meant that it was not possible to locate a safe place to monitor the electricity going into the building.