CAPÍTULO II: MARCO TEÓRICO DE REFERENCIA
2.3 MARCO DIDÁCTICO
2.3.3 Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido Específico
As discussed in Chapter one, the capability approach is grounded in agency and freedom. The set of things a person can do or be was defined by Sen as a ‘capability set’ set’ (Annand & van Hees, 2006; Kajanoja, 2002). The things a person chooses to do are ‘functionings’. Sen has
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argued that the determination of wellbeing requires a consideration of both functionings and capabilities (potential functionings).
Clark and Gough (2005) have presented a model of Sen’s concept of capability which differentiates between capability to function and functioning. The model, shown in Figure 12, begins with commodities which have characteristics that can be exploited and which provide a capability to function. Functioning is the selection and operationalisation of capabilities from the capability set. The product of functioning is utility:
Figure 12: Sen’s Capability Model
(Source: Clark and Gough (2005))
Annand and van Hees (2006) use the example of water to describe the relationship between commodities, functionings and utility. A person may be able to use water (commodity) to drink (functioning) and thereby quench thirst (utility). Alternatively water can be used to irrigate plants (a second functioning) and thereby produce crops (utility). The person therefore has two elements to the capability set. This approach can, however, lead to a focus on commodities (broadly conceptualised) and options for utilising commodities, rather than capabilities per se. Robeyns (2005b), considering the applicability of the capability approach in measuring quality of life, notes the selection of relevant capabilities is a ‘key lacuna in the capability approach’. Robeyns suggests it may be appropriate to focus on developing a basic list of capabilities and within this context, how capabilities should be determined and who should decide which capabilities to include in a list of basic capabilities. Perhaps most importantly, an attempt to develop the capability approach into a theory of capability must consider the role of functionings in relation to both the capability set and wellbeing. Alkire (2002; 2007) focusing on the policy application of the capability approach, has highlighted issues with the prioritisation and selection of capabilities for enhancement through policy or programme interventions. Alkire and Deneulin (2009, p. 43) have argued ‘the capability approach is incomplete. It relies on the agency and involvement of people in different contexts to specify which capabilities to focus on’. The issue is not just selection, but the mode of identification and selection.
An alternative approach to conceptualising the relationship between capability and wellbeing, having regard for Robeyn’s and Alkire’s concerns, is to focus on required functionings.
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Robeyns approach is considered inadequate as it inevitably leads back to the basic needs approach and the consequent issues of identifying the ‘basic list’. The key point Sen makes is that there is no basic list. Capabilities (and therefore functionings) cannot be considered as independent from the person who will select capabilities and enact them as functionings. Kanajoja (2002) describes functionings as ‘events’. A change in human well‐being is, therefore, the product of choices made and actions taken (‘events’). An optimal set of functionings is one that enables a person to lead the life they want to lead (in a particular context, at a particular time) by engaging competently with their environment. This leads us back to Peat and Hardwick’s conception of international development as human emancipation (Peet & Hartwick, 2009, p. 2). This can be expressed as providing a person with the ability to exercise control over their environment and the personal freedom this inevitably entails. The set of required functionings is a subset of the capability set. Sen has argued that the enlargement of the capability set is, of itself, an enhancement to wellbeing as the set of choices has been expanded. However this is contested. The issue is not simply choice, but adequacy of choice. In situations in which a person is not able to exercise sufficient agency the required set of functionings may be a superset of the capability set. Sen’s focus is individual. This has been criticised as failing to take account of social requirements (Sabina Alkire, 2006). However, Sen’s approach is supported. Considered at the level of the individual, an optimal set of functionings (and therefore capabilities) is self‐defined. This does not suggest capability is overly individual. Rather that the consideration of collective capabilities is, depending on the socio‐political environment, either negotiated or enforced. In a situation in which all participants have agency, when capability is considered at the level of the group or society generally, the extension or limitation of individual sets of required functionings must be negotiated and mediated by power‐relations.
3.3. Competence
The concept of functionings is, however, problematic for two reasons: the conception that functionings follow capability, and the (implied) conception that there is a one‐one correspondence between an enacted functioning and a capability. Both of these conceptions are contested. Whilst it is correct that capability must be present in order to exercise agency and achieve a functioning or set of functionings, it is not correct that the requirement for the functioning is consequent on the presence of the capability to function. The converse is just as likely. The realisation of the need to be able to do something often precedes the existence of