Table 1: 4 classes to describe the impact of a scenario ... 68 Table 2: Consequences of floods with different hydraulic loads (HKV 2012) ... 69 Table 3: Probability distribution available time for evacuation based on forecasts and decision
making (Maaskant et al. 2009). ... 71 Table 4: Different classes for impact ... 72 Table 5: Classes and probability of the available time for the movement phase of evacuation for
different areas in The Netherlands ... 73 Table 6: Determine the importance of each item to the decision-making process about mass
evacuation on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = no importance, 2 = less important, 3 = important 4 = very
important 5 = most important). ... 85 Table 7: What are the 3 factors that contribute most to whether an evacuation decision was "right"
in (1) in a situation after a flood and (2) after a situation when the flood did not occur? ... 86 Table 8: What is the impact of other events in the society on the outcome of the decision-making
process for mass evacuation? ... 87 Table 9: In a situation when the forecast models show the first indications of a possible flood 4
days in advance and the time required for a successful preventive evacuation is approximately one day: When (1 = Certainly, 2 = Probably, 3 = Probably not, 4 = Not at all) should you decide to (A) start to develop several alternatives for evacuation for later decision making, (B) advise the
public to evacuate and (C) call for a mandatory evacuation? ... 88 Table 10: What probability of flooding is necessary to be able to choose a certain type of evacuation
in a situation 1.5 day before the possible flooding with the knowledge that 1 day is required at
minimum? ... 89 Table 11: How should you respond as a citizen, as a member of a family, to a call for evacuation by
the authorities in a situation when the possibility to evacuate preventively exists but you are
ordered to respond alternatively (yes or no)? ... 90 Table 12: Different strategies for evacuation and population part supposed to leave or stay behind ... 104 Table 13: Number of people in each strategy (x 1,000 people) ... 107 Table 14: Different figures of % of people who evacuate preventive or will stay behind ... 107 Table 15: Required time in hours for transportation in case of several strategies of evacuation for
several forms of traffic management ... 108 Table 16: Required time in hours for transportation of 50% and 90% of the population transportation
in case of several strategies of evacuation for several forms of traffic management ... 108 Table 17: Time required in hours for transportation during preventive evacuation, differentiated
according to coastal areas in relation to evacuation strategy (maximum preventive evacuation and
minimum preventive evacuation) and the form of traffic management. ... 109 Table 18: Parameters in sensitivity analyses of the consequences of the citizens’ response ... 122 Table 19: Required time in hours for evacuation for different intervals for the area of Zealand and
the South Holland Islands ... 123 Table 20: Required time in hours to complete the evacuation for all scenarios in the area of Zealand
and the South Holland Islands... 125 Table 21: % change compared to the reference scenario to complete the evacuation for all scenarios
in the area of Zealand and the South Holland Islands ... 125 Table 22: Evacuation fraction related to improvements in preparation. ... 149 Table 23: Optimal level of prevention in one- and multiple layer safety approaches that focus on
reducing loss of life (Strategy A) ... 151 Table 24: Total costs in M€ for values of crest level hand reduction of loss of lifes. ... 151 Table 25: Optimal level of prevention in a multiple layer safety approach that reduces the damage
Table 26: Risk reduction by land use planning ... 153 Table 27: Combination of all layers (strategy C) ... 154 Table 28: Numerical examples for Pt to call for evacuation ... 162 Table 29: Sensitivity analysis for numerical examples for the objective of minimising the economic
costs, including the value of the loss of life ... 163 Table 30: Probability (%) to call for evacuation for different numbers lives saved because of the
delay in the decision time ... 167 Table 31: Thresholds for probability (%) for the measures if warning (phase 1) and the go or no-go
decision (end phase 2) for evacuation ... 169 Table 32: Thresholds for probability (%) for the measures to initiate phase 2 and the go or no-go
decision (end phase 2) for evacuation ... 169 Table 33: Relationship between probability and loss of life in numerical example for the probabilistic
approach ... 174 Table 34: Pt to call for evacuation using a deterministic approach and a probabilistic approach with
the objective to minimise the loss of life taking different flood scenarios into account. ... 174 Table 35: Pt to call for evacuation using a deterministic approach and a probabilistic approach with
the objective to minimise the economic damage including the economic value for loss of life taking different flood scenarios into account related to the prevented loss of life and economic
damage. ... 175 Table 36: Evacuation models ... 188 Table 37: parameters in model EvacuAid ... 201 Table 38: Uncertainty in state variables( ,..., )x1 x5 . ... 203 Table 39: P6 , ,j k,P7 , ,j l and P8, ,j m: the probability of each scenario j related to C A, and Iand
, and
k l m in the application of EvacuAid in the Netherlands. ... 207 Table 40: W W1,k, 2,l and W3,min the application of EvacuAid in the Netherlands. ... 208 Table 41: Loss of life (rounded to tens) in case of preventive evacuation. ... 209 Table 42: Loss of life (rounded to tens) in case of vertical evacuation. ... 210 Table 43: Probability distribution time for evacuation based on forecasts and decision making after
investments in emergency management. ... 214 Table 44: Evacuation fraction (preventive evacuation only) after investments in emergency
management for a medium and maximum approach ... 215 Table 45: Evacuation fraction (preventive evacuation only) after investments in additional road
capacity for evacuation ... 216 Table 46: Evacuation bricks per areas in the evacuation zone ... 228 Table 47: EU FloodEx 2009 response mechanisms... 232 Table 48: Background on conditions of parameters for evacuation of people with special needs
using strategies ... 241 Table 49: Parameters for evacuation of people with special for preventive evacuation and shelter in
place ... 243 Table 50: Figures for fatalities in a hospital ... 244 Table 51: Mortality rates (on a scale of 0 to 1) for people with special needs in hospitals for an
event of 4 days ... 245 Table 52: Loss of life in the case of an evacuation event for a flood with or without additional
preparation ... 246 Table 53: Expected loss of life per year for different strategies for evacuation of people with special