2. EL CONSUMIDOR VIRTUAL
2.3 CONSIDERACIONES PERSONALES
In the third part of this research qualitative research methods are applied. First the role of the microclimate in the design process of urban planners and designers is inventoried through a questionnaire in chapter 7. The following two chapters apply research by design methods. These can be classified through the scheme made by de Jong & Voordt (2002) in which the large complexity that characterizes urban designs is structured in a design process. Chapter 8 presents seven most common neighbourhood typologies. For each typology case studies show which adaptation measures are most appropriate. In chapter 9 heat mitigation measures are combined with climate adaptation measures and with other urban functions in three integration designs The design approach and illustrated examples presented in chapters 8 and 9 can be used by designers and policy makers in the process of the (re)development of Dutch urban areas.
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§ 1.6 References
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Jong, T.M. d. and Voordt, D. v.d. (2002), Ways to study and research: urban, architectural and technical design, DUP Science, Delft.
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37 Literature
Urban measures for hot weather conditions in the Netherlands compared in a microclimate model
Chapter 5
Microclimate effects of redevelopment options in a low-rise open building block
Chapter 6
Ventilation by colour and material, exploring a new climate adaptation measure
Chapter 7
Designing with microclimate: interviews with urban designers and planners
Chapter 8
Typological design solutions supported by urban surface analysis in their path to climate resilience
Chapter 9
39 Urban climate and climate change
2 Urban climate and climate change 3
The industrial revolution brought us wealth and growth. The higher standard of life is now concerned as ‘basic’ in the western world and gradually increased the society’s dependency on highly exergetic energy resources. The combustion of these energy resources results in exhaust of fumes containing dangerous pathogens such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, benzene and formaldehyde (Perry, 2015).
The effect on people’s health and the depletion of fossil fuels resulted in innovations to increase the efficiency of combustion and reduce harmful fumes.
Today’s concern is especially focussed on the exhaust of particulate matter and the emission of CO2. The awareness on mitigation, preventing CO2 emissions in the atmosphere, started with the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, which introduced the definition of sustainable development: “A development that meets the needs and aspirations of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs” (Brundtland, 1987).
The emission of CO2 influences the global climate, so much is clear by now: consensus about the relationship between CO2 emissions and global warming is very strong (IPCC, 2014b). Emissions from the past century are expected to already have an irreversible global warming effect that will especially affect the generation of our children and grandchildren. Effects often manifest on another location in the world than the places where most of the CO2is emitted. Moreover, places that contribute less to high CO2 levels often have less means to protect themselves against climate hazards. Therefore, Machiel van Dorst added the importance of place to the Brundtland definition of
sustainable development: “A development that meets the needs of here and now without compromising the ability of others to meet their own needs there and then” (Dorst, 2010).
This chapter outlines the context of this research and answers the following research question:
What is the impact of climate change on the urban environment in the Netherlands?
Sub-questions are:
–
What is the expected impact of the occurrence of climate change in The Netherlands?–
How do people perceive the city’s microclimate, especially heat?–
What is the effect of high(er) temperatures on the microclimate in Dutch cities?–
What are the effects of high(er) temperatures on health, energy and economical aspects?3 Several passages in this chapter are originally published in Kleerekoper, L. (2009), Urban Heat. Design principles for Urban Heat Management in the Netherlands, TU Delft.
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