CODIGO ORGANICO FUNCION JUDICIAL
76 CONSTITUCIÓN DE LA REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR 2008
1. H. pylori testing should continue to be a cornerstone in evaluating dyspeptic patients. The “Test and Treat Strategy” using non-invasive tests such as the UBT should be encouraged to detect H. pylori infection among dyspeptic patients who have no alarm symptoms.
2. Post-treatment H. pylori testing using non-invasive methods like the UBT should be emphasized in order to confirm its eradication and to make judicious use of second line agents.
3. A community-based study should be done to determine the true prevalence of H.
pylori among dyspeptic patients in the community.
4. Further studies to compare different H. pylori eradication regimen should be encouraged in different part of the country to form the basis of a national consensus on the optimal regimen for H. pylori eradication.
5. Studies to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of H. pylori in the different regions of Nigeria should also be encouraged. This will also help in forming a basis for choice of eradication regimen in Nigeria.
6.3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
More accurate means of assessing compliance such as electronic medication monitors and measurement of blood drug levels could not be used in this study because they are not readily available in our country.
7.0 REFERENCES
1. Go MF. Review article: natural history and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 16(1): 3-15.
2. Warren JR, Marshall B. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet. 1983:1273-1275.
3. Go MF, Smoot DT. Helicobacter pylori, gastric MALT lymphoma, and
adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 2000; 11(3):134-141.
4. Asenjo LM, Gisbert JP. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric MALT lymphoma: a systematic review. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2007; 99(7):398-404.
5. Badov D, Lambert JR, Finlay M, Balazs ND. Helicobacter pylori as a pathogenic factor in Menetrier's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998; 93(10):1976-1979.
6. Katoh M, Saito D, Noda T, et al. Helicobacter pylori may be transmitted through gastrofiberscope even after manual Hyamine washing. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1993;
84(2):117-119.
7. Sugiyama T, Naka H, Yachi A, Asaka M. Direct evidence by DNA fingerprinting that endoscopic cross-infection of Helicobacter pylori is a cause of postendoscopic acute gastritis. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38(6):2381-2382.
8. Chey WD, Wong BC. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102(8): 1808-1825.
9. Hunt R.H, Xiao S.D, Megraud F, Leon-Barua R, Bazzoli F, Merwe S, et al. WGO Practice Guideline: Helicobacter pylori in Developing Countries(2010). [updated August 2010, cited November 2011]. Available from <http://wwwworldgastro enterologyorg/>.
10. Holcombe C, Omotara BA, Eldridge J, Jones DM. H. pylori, the most common bacterial infection in Africa: a random serological study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;
87(1):28-30.
11. Nwodo EN, Yakubu SE, Jatau ED, Yahaya A. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients With Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease in Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Afr J Basic Appl Sci. 2009; 1(5-6):123-8.
12. Oluwasola AO, Ola SO, Saliu L, Solanke TF. Helicobacter pylori infection in South Nigerians: a serological study of dyspeptic patients and healthy individuals. West Afr J Med. 2002; 21(2):138-141.
13. Picardo NG, Ayuk RA, Umeanyika NC, Maduka UC, Nnabuenyi CP. Helicobacter pylori prevalence in patients with upper G I symptoms in Enugu metropolis. Nig J of Gastroenterol and Hepatol. 2009; 1(1): 37.
14. Nnabuchi CV, Omuemu CE , Ugiagbe RA, Alikah FO, Ikpolo R, Ogholo G. Prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection In dyspeptic patients in UBTH, Benin City. Nig J Gastroenterol and Hepatol. 2009; 1(1): 47.
15. Mustapha S, Ajayi NA, Nggada HA, Bolori M, Pindiga UH, Gashau W. Endoscopic findings and frequency of Helicobacter pylori among dyspeptic patients in Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria. Highland Medical Research Journal. 2007; 5(1): 78-81.
16. Mustapha S, Pindiga U, Yusuph H, Jubrin Y, Goni B. Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Dyspeptic Patients at a Tertiary Hospital in North Nigeria. Internet Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2011; 9(2).
17. Tijjani BM, Borodo MM, Samaila AA, Mohammed AZ. H. pylori infection in dyspeptic patients at Kano, Nigeria. Borno Med J. 2005; 2(1): 14-17.
18. Badmos KB, Olokoba AB, Ibrahim OO, Abubakar-Akanbi SK. Histomorphology of Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis in Ilorin. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2010;
39(1):37-40.
19. Smith SI, Oyedeji KS, Goodluck HA, Fowora MA, Anomneze E, Lesi OA. The use of Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in Lagos, Nigeria. West Indian Med J. 2011; 60(1):33-35.
20. Duduyemi BM, Ojo BA, Olaomi OO, Atiba AS. Histopathological pattern of
endoscopic gastric biopsy in a district hospital in Nigeria: a review of 118 consecutive cases. Am J Med Bio Research. 2014; 2(3): 83-86
21. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, et al. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III consensus report. Gut. 2007; 56:
772-781.
22. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005; 55(2):74-108.
23. Fretzayas A, Moustaki M, Alexopoulou E, Nicolaidou P. Menetrier's disease associated with Helicobacter pylori: three cases with sonographic findings and a literature review.
Ann Trop Paediatr. 2011; 31(2):141-147.
24. Shimoyama T, Fukuda S, Tanaka M, et al. Healing of cimetidine-resistant Menetrier's disease by eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;
27(4):348-350.
25. Inaba T, Mizuno M, Take S, et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori increases platelet count in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Japan. Eur J
Clin Invest. 2005; 35(3):214-219.
26. Ando K, Shimamoto T, Tauchi T, et al. Can eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori really improve the thrombocytopenia in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura? Our experience and a literature review. Int J Hematol. 2003; 77(3):239-244.
27. Huang X, Qu X, Yan W, et al. Iron deficiency anaemia can be improved after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Postgrad Med J. 2010; 86(1015):272-278.
28. Talley NJ, Vakil N. Guidelines for the management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol.
2005; 100(10):2324-2337.
29. Tack J. Dyspepsia. In Feldman M, Friedman L.S, Brandt L.J, ed. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/ Diagnosis/
Management. 9th ed. Canada: SaundersElsevier; 2010.
30. Gisbert JP, Badia X, Roset M, Pajares JM. The TETRA study: a prospective
evaluation of Helicobacter pylori 'test-and-treat' strategy on 736 patients in clinical practice. Helicobacter. 2004; 9(1):28-38.
31. Zullo A, Vaira D, Vakil N, et al. High eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori with a new sequential treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 17(5):719-726.
32. Koivisto TT, Rautelin HI, Voutilainen ME, Heikkinen MT, Koskenpato JP, Farkkila MA. First-line eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori in primary health care based on antibiotic resistance: results of three eradication regimens. Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
2005; 21(6):773-782.
33. Atoyebi OA, Arigbabu AO, Wali SS, et al. An open study of the safety and efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate in the treatment of patients with Helicobacter pylori associated duodenal ulcer. Nig Qt J Hosp Med. 1999; 9(4): 251-4.
34. Onyekwere CA, Odiagah JN, Igetei R, Emanuel AO, Ekere F, Smith S. Rabeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: report of an efficacy study. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(13):3615-3619.
35. Aboderin OA, Abdu AR, Odetoyin B, et al. Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori from patients in Ile-Ife, South-west, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2007; 7(3):143147.
36. Abdulrasheed A, Lawal OO, Abioye-Kuteyi EA, Lamikanra A. Antimicrobial
susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori isolates of dyspeptic Nigerian patients. Trop Gastroenterol. 2005; 26(2):85-88.
37. Oyedeji KS, Smith SI, Coker AO, Arigbabu AO. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Helicobacter pylori strains from patients with upper gastrointestinal pathology in western Nigeria. Br J Biomed Sci. 2009; 66(1):10-13.
38. Everhart JE, Kruszon-Moran D, Perez-Perez GI, Tralka TS, McQuillan G.
Seroprevalence and ethnic differences in Helicobacter pylori infection among adults in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2000; 181(4):1359-1363.
39. McJunkin B, Sissoko M, Levien J, Upchurch J, Ahmed A. Dramatic decline in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease in an endoscopy-referral population. Am J Med. 2011; 124(3):260-264.
40. Bosques-Padilla FJ, Tijerina-Menchaca R, Perez-Perez GI, Flores-Gutierrez JP, Garza-Gonzalez E. Comparison of Helicobacter pylori prevalence in symptomatic patients in northeastern Mexico with the rest of the country: its association with gastrointestinal disease. Arch Med Res. 2003; 34(1):60-63.
41. Rodrigues MN, Queiroz DM, Rodrigues RT, Rocha AM, Luz CR, Braga LL.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2005; 39(5):847-849.
42. Almeida Cunha RP, Alves FP, Rocha AM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in native populations from Brazilian
Western Amazon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003; 97(4):382-386.
43. Loffeld RJ, van der Putten AB. Changes in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in two groups of patients undergoing endoscopy and living in the same region in the Netherlands. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003; 38(9):938-941.
44. Sari YS, Sander E, Erkan E, Tunali V. Endoscopic diagnoses and CLO test results in 9239 cases, prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Istanbul, Turkey. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 22(11):1706-1711.
45. Bures J, Kopacova M, Rejchrt S. Decrease of the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Czech Republic. Cas Lek Cesk. 2008; 147(5):255-257.
46. Celinski K, Kurzeja-Miroslaw A, Slomka M, Cichoz-Lach H, Madro A, Kasztelan- Szczerbinska B. The effects of environmental factors on the prevalence of
Helicobacter pylori infection in inhabitants of Lublin Province. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2006; 13(2):185-191.
47. Do MY, Lee YC, Choi CH, et al. The changes in prevalence and the related factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Korean health check-up subjects during 8 years. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2009; 53(2):76-83.
48. Mitipat N, Siripermpool P, Jadwattanakul T, Chaunthongkum S. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms in Chon Buri, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005; 36(2):341-346.
49. Ayoola AE, Ageely HM, Gadour MO, Pathak VP. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with dyspepsia in South-Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J.
2004; 25(10):1433-1438.
50. Karima TM, Bukhari SZ, Ghais MA, Fatani MI, Hussain WM. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer diseases. Saudi Med J.
2006; 27(5):621-626.
51. Alazmi WM, Siddique I, Alateeqi N, Al-Nakib B. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among new outpatients with dyspepsia in Kuwait. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;
10:14.
52. Bakka AS, El-Gariani AB, AbouGhrara FM, Salih BA. Frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients in Libya. Saudi Med J. 2002; 23(10):1261-1265.
53. Tanih NF, Okeleye BI, Ndip LM, et al. Helicobacter pylori prevalence in dyspeptic patients in the Eastern Cape province - race and disease status. S Afr Med J. 2010;
100(11):734-737.
54. Cassel-Beraud AM, Peghini M, Mouden JC, Rajaonarison P. Prevalence of
Helicobacter pylori infection in Tananarive, Madagascar. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1997;
90(1):6-9.
55. Shmuely H, Obure S, Passaro DJ, et al. Dyspepsia symptoms and Helicobacter pylori infection, Nakuru, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9(9):1103-1107.
56. Kimang'a AN, Revathi G, Kariuki S, Sayed S, Devani S. Helicobacter pylori:
prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility among Kenyans. S Afr Med J. 2010; 100(1):53-57.
57. Jemilohun AC, Otegbayo JA, Ola SO, Oluwasola OA, Akere A. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among Nigerian patients with dyspepsia in Ibadan. Pan Afr Med J.
2010; 6:18.
58. Ndububa DA, Agbakwuru AE, Adebayo RA, et al. Upper gastrointestinal findings and incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection among Nigerian patients with dyspepsia.
West Afr J Med. 2001; 20(2):140-145.
59. Adeniyi BA, Otegbayo JA, Lawal TO, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among dyspepsia patients in Ibadan, South west Nigeria. Afr. J. Microbiol.
Res. 2012; 6(14): 3399-3402.
60. Solomon OA, Ajayi AO, Adegun PT, Gabriel OE, Afolabi O, Solomon OO.
Effectiveness of triple therapy regimens in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia in Ekiti state, Nigeria. BJMMR. 2015; 6(3):278-285.
61. Tanko MN, Echejoh GO, Mandong BM, Malu O, Manasseh AN, Malu AO. Gastric histopathological findings in mucosal biopsies of symptomatic patients in jos central Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2007; 16(2):113-118.
62. Safaei HG, Rahimi E, Zandi A, Rashidipour A. Helicobacter pylori as a zoonotic infection: the detection of H. pylori antigens in the milk and faeces of cows. J Res Med Sci. 2011; 16(2):184-187.
63. Quaglia NC, Dambrosio A, Normanno G, et al. High occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in raw goat, sheep and cow milk inferred by glmM gene: a risk of food-borne infection?
Int J Food Microbiol. 2008; 124(1):43-47.
64. Fujimura S, Kawamura T, Kato S, Tateno H, Watanabe A. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in cow's milk. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2002; 35(6):504-507.
65. Mégraud F, Lehours P. Helicobacter pylori Detection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2007; 20(2): 280-322.
66. Peura DA, Crowe SE. Helicobacter pylori. In Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, editors. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease:
Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 9th ed. Canada: Saunders Elsevier; 2010.
67. Jonaitis LV, Kiudelis G, Kupcinskas L. Evaluation of a novel 14C-urea breath test
"Heliprobe" in diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Medicina (Kaunas). 2007;
43(1):32-35.
68. Hegedus O, Ryden J, Rehnberg AS, Nilsson S, Hellstrom PM. Validated accuracy of a novel urea breath test for rapid Helicobacter pylori detection and in-office analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002; 14(5):513-520.
69. Alarcon-Rivera G, Vazquez-Jimenez G, de la Cruz-Patino E, et al. Comparative analysis between breath test, serological immunoassay and rapid-urease test for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in Mexican patients with non-investigated dyspepsia. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2011; 76(4):322-329.
70. Ozdemir E, Karabacak NI, Degertekin B, et al. Could the simplified (14)C urea breath test be a new standard in noninvasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection? Ann Nucl Med. 2008; 22(7):611-616.
71. Mansour-Ghanaei F, Sanaei O, Joukar F. Clinical Validation of an Office-Based CUBT (Heliprobe) for H. pylori Diagnosis in Iranian Dyspeptic Patients. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011; 20:930-941.
72. Suerbaum S, Michetti P. Helicobacter pylori infection. N Engl J Med. 2002;
347(15):1175-1186.
73. Brito CA, Silva LM, Juca N, et al. Prevalence of cagA and vacA genes in isolates from patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2003; 98(6):817-821.
74. Said Essa A, Alaa Eldeen Nouh M, Mohammed Ghaniam N, Graham DY, Said Sabry H. Prevalence of cagA in relation to clinical presentation of Helicobacter pylori infection in Egypt. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008; 40(9):730-733.
75. Basso D, Zambon CF, Letley DP, et al. Clinical relevance of Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology. 2008; 135(1):91-99.
76. Zullo A, Gatta L, De Francesco V, et al. High rate of Helicobacter pylori eradication with sequential therapy in elderly patients with peptic ulcer: a prospective controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 21(12):1419-1424.
77. Vaira D, Zullo A, Hassan C, Fiorini G, Vakil N. Sequential Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: The Time is Now! Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2009; 2(6):317-322.
78. Chi CH, Lin CY, Sheu BS, Yang HB, Huang AH, Wu JJ. Quadruple therapy
containing amoxicillin and tetracycline is an effective regimen to rescue failed triple therapy by overcoming the antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 18(3):347-353.
79. Lee YC, Wu HM, Chen TH, et al. A community-based study of Helicobacter pylori therapy using the strategy of test, treat, retest, and re-treat initial treatment failures.
Helicobacter. 2006; 11(5):418-424.
80. Go MF. Diagnosis and Treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2005; 8(2):163-174.
81. O'Connor A, Gisbert JP, McNamara D, O'Morain C. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection 2010. Helicobacter. 2010; 15(1):46-52.
82. Xiao SD, Liu WZ, Hu PJ, Xia DH, Tytgat GN. High cure rate of Helicobacter pylori infection using tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate, furazolidone and clarithromycin triple therapy for 1 week. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13(3):311-315.
83. Li Y, Wang XY, Shen SR. Efficacy of 4 kinds of triple strategy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2008; 33(12):11291131.
84. Versalovic J, Shortridge D, Kibler K, et al. Mutations in 23S rRNA are associated with clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
1996; 40(2):477-480.
85. Rimbara E, Noguchi N, Kawai T, Sasatsu M. Mutations in penicillin-binding proteins 1, 2 and 3 are responsible for amoxicillin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008; 61(5):995-998.
86. Yang YJ, Wu JJ, Sheu BS, Kao AW, Huang AH. The rdxA gene plays a more major role than frxA gene mutation in high-level metronidazole resistance of Helicobacter
87. Trieber CA, Taylor DE. Mutations in the 16S rRNA genes of Helicobacter pylori mediate resistance to tetracycline. J Bacteriol. 2002; 184(8):2131-2140.
88. Bogaerts P, Berhin C, Nizet H, Glupczynski Y. Prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Helicobacter pylori strains from patients living in Belgium. Helicobacter. 2006; 11(5):441-445.
89. Duck WM, Sobel J, Pruckler JM, et al. Antimicrobial resistance incidence and risk factors among Helicobacter pylori-infected persons, United States. Emerg Infect Dis.
2004; 10(6):1088-1094.
90. Boyanova L, Mentis A, Gubina M, et al. The status of antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori in eastern Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002; 8(7):388-396.
91. Koletzko S, Richy F, Bontems P, et al. Prospective multicentre study on antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains obtained from children living in Europe. Gut.
2006; 55(12):1711-1716.
92. Ani AE, Malu AO, Onah JA, Queiroz DM, Kirschner G, Rocha GA. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of Helicobacter pylori isolated from Jos, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999; 93(6):659-661.
93. Ishida Y, Goto Y, Kondo T, et al. Eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori according to genotypes of CYP2C19, IL-1B, and TNF-A. Int J Med Sci. 2006; 3(4):135-140.
94. Gawronska-Szklarz B, Siuda A, Kurzawski M, Bielicki D, Marlicz W, Drozdzik M.
Effects of CYP2C19, MDR1, and interleukin 1-B gene variants on the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection by triple therapy with pantoprazole, amoxicillin, and metronidazole. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005; 66(7):681-687.
95. Kawabata H, Habu Y, Tomioka H, et al. Effect of different proton pump inhibitors, differences in CYP2C19 genotype and antibiotic resistance on the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection by a 1-week regimen of proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 17(2):259-264.
96. Keum B, Lee SW, Kim SY, et al. Comparison of Helicobacter pylori eradication rate according to different PPI-based triple therapy--omeprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole and lansoprazole. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2005; 46(6):433-439.
97. Hong EJ, Park DI, Oh SJ, et al. Comparison of Helicobacter pylori eradication rate in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and peptic ulcer diseases according to proton pump inhibitors. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2008; 52(2):80-85.
98. Yakoob J, Jafri W, Abbas Z, et al. Risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection treatment failure in a high prevalence area. Epidemiol Infect. 2011;
139(4):581-590.
99. Domingo D, Alarcon T, Vega AE, Garcia JA, Martinez MJ, Lopez-Brea M.
Microbiological factors that influence the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in adults and children. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2002; 20(9):431-434.
100. Gisbert JP, Calvet X. Review article: the effectiveness of standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori has not changed over the last decade, but it is not good enough.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 34(11-12):1255-1268.
101. Cho DK, Park SY, Kee WJ, et al. The trend of eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection and clinical factors that affect the eradication of first-line therapy. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2010; 55(6):368-375.
102. Iwasaki A. Eradication rate and side effect from a point of view of Helicobacter pylori eradication of peptic ulcer disease in dual therapy or new triple therapy. Nihon Rinsho.
1999; 57(1):127-133.
103. Bock-Oruma AA, Dienye PO, Akani AB, Nnadi NO, Idika RA. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori-related dyspepsia using a near-patient testing method in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. TJFMPC. 2013; 7(2): 29-34.
104. Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ. Assessment of outcome in dyspepsia: has progress been made? Gut. 2002; 50 (4):23-25.
105. Sodhi JS, Javid G, Zargar SA, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and the effect of its eradication on symptoms of functional dyspepsia in Kashmir, India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013; 28(5):808-813.
106. El-Omar EM, Banerjee S, Wirz A, McColl KE. The Glasgow Dyspepsia Severity Score--a tool for the global measurement of dyspepsia. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
1996; 8(10):967-971.
107. McColl KE, el-Nujumi A, Murray LS, et al. Assessment of symptomatic response as predictor of Helicobacter pylori status following eradication therapy in patients with ulcer. Gut. 1998; 42(5):618-622.
108. Abdul Aziz AF, Hamzah Z, Tong SF, Nadeson S, Wan Puteh SE. Helicobacter pylori related dyspepsia: prevalence and treatment outcomes at University Kebangsaan Malaysia-Primary Care Centre. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2009; 8(1):4-8.
109. Araoye MO. Sample Size determination. Research Methodology with Statistics for Health and Social Sciences. Nathadex Publishers Ilorin; 2004: 115-120.
110. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353(5):487-
497.
111. Gisbert JP. Rescue Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012; 20(12):974-594.
112. Smith SI, Fowora MA, Lesi OA, et al. Application of stool-PCR for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori from stool in Nigeria- a pilot study. Springerplus. 2012; 1(1):78-
82.
113. Olokoba AB, Gashau W, Bwala S, Adamu A, Salawu FK. Helicobacter pylori infection in Nigerians with dyspepsia. Ghana Med J. 2013; 47(2):79-81.
114. Aje AO, Otegbayo JA, Odaibo GN, Bojuwoye BJ. Comparative study of stool antigen test and serology for Helicobacter pylori among Nigerian dyspeptic patients--a pilot study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2010; 13(2):120-124.
115. Otegbayo JA, Oluwasola OA, Yakubu A, Odaibo GN, Olaleye OD. H. pylori serology and evaluation of gastro-duodenal disease in Nigerians with dyspepsia. Afr J Clin Exper Microbiol. 2004; 5(1):126-133.
116. Aduful H, Naaeder S, Darko R, et al. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at the korle bu teaching hospital, Accra, Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2007; 41(1):12-16.
117. Mbengue M, Diouf ML, Dangou JM, et al. Frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic patients in Senegal. Med Trop (Mars). 1997; 57(3):256-258.
118. Adlekha S, Chadha T, Krishnan P, Sumangala B. Prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection among patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a medical college hospital in kerala, India. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014; 3(4):559-563.
119. Ahlawat SK, Cuddihy MT, Locke GR, 3rd. Gender-related differences in dyspepsia: a qualitative systematic review. Gend Med. 2006; 3(1):31-42.
120. Moshkowitz M, Horowitz N, Beit-Or A, Halpern Z, Santo E. Gender-associated differences in urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori infection referrals and results among dyspeptic patients. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2012; 3(3):80-84.
121. Gal E, Abuksis G, Fraser G, et al. 13C-urea breath test to validate eradication of Helicobacter pylori in an Israeli population. Isr Med Assoc J. 2003; 5(2):98-100.
122. Uygun A, Kadayifci A, Yesilova Z, Safali M, Ilgan S, Karaeren N. Comparison of sequential and standard triple-drug regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a 14day, open-label, randomized, prospective, parallel-arm study in adult patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Clin Ther. 2008; 30(3):528-534.
123. Song M, Ang TL. Second and third line treatment options for Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(6):1517-1528.
124. Bello AT. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients in Kano, Nigeria. (unpublished thesis for The West African College of Physician Part II fellowship); 2014.
125. Wong BC, Wong WM, Yee YK, et al. Rabeprazole-based 3-day and 7-day triple therapy vs. omeprazole-based 7-day triple therapy for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001; 15(12):1959-1965.
126. Henry A, Batey RG. Enhancing compliance not a prerequisite for effective eradication of Helicobacter pylori: the HelP Study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94(3):811-815.