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Who were the largest donors? According to the Organisation for Economic

Co-operation and Development’s

Development Assistance Committee (DAC), the top 10 donors in 2009 contributed 85 percent of all aid provided by DAC members. The top four—the United States, the European Commission, the United Kingdom, and Germany—contributed more than 65 percent.

Aid increased sharply in 2005, as donor countries followed through on promises made at the 2002 United Nations

International Conference on Financing for Development, in Monterrey, Mexico, and reinforced at the 2005 Group of Eight (G8) summit at Gleneagles, Scotland. But a large part of this came as debt relief, not new aid flows. Aid in absolute terms and measured as a share of donors’ gross national income declined between 2005 and 2007, but has increased since then. Still, a significant increase in donor commitment is required to meet the targets set at Gleneagles.

The form and purpose for which aid is given makes a difference. Debt-related aid provides relief from liabilities that recipient Development is a partnership between

developing and donor countries. Donor countries help recipient countries build the capacity to foster change; recipient countries invest in their people and create an environment that sustains growth. Countries that have difficulty tapping financial markets must rely on aid flows from wealthier countries to fund development programs. Net official development assistance (ODA) to developing countries reached $128.6 billion in 2008, the highest ever in nominal terms—representing a 13.7 percent increase in real terms from the 2007 level.

Aid for development

data.worldbank.org/atlas-global/aid See pp. 6–7 for more information

92

Sources of finance for developing countries

Sources of net financial flows, 2008 (US$ billions)

Source: World Bank’s Global Development Finance; World Bank estimates based on data from IMF’s Balance of Payment Statistics;

OECD DAC’s International Development Statistics Sub-Saharan Africa

South Asia

Middle East &

North Africa

Latin America &

Caribbean

Europe &

Central Asia

East Asia & Pacific FDI & portfolio

equity inflows Aid Workers’

remittances received

0 40 80 120 160 200

Source: OECD, DAC

The social sector received 39 percent of DAC donors’ bilateral aid in 2008

Aid by sector as a share of donors’ bilateral commitments, 2008

Social 39%

Other Administrative costs 5%

5%

Humanitarian 8%

Debt-related 9%

General program aid 5%

Multi-sector 6%

Production 6% Economic 17%

199019911992199319941995 1996 1997 1998 19992000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

% of GNI 2008 $ (billions)

Total net ODA from DAC members constant 2008 $, (billions)

More aid from DAC members is required to meet their target for 2010

Source: OECD, DAC

Net ODA as a share of donors’ GNI

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 Increase required to meet

current 2010 targets United States

European Commission United Kingdom Germany France Japan Netherlands Spain Norway Canada

Other DAC members All DAC members 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

25,112 14,616 7,769 6,999 6,854 5,998 4,794 4,299 3,163 3,147 15,209 97,961

25.6 14.9 7.9 7.1 7.0 6.1 4.9 4.4 3.2 3.2 15.5 100.0

% of total

$ millions Who were the largest donors in 2009?

Net bilateral ODA disbursements in 2009 Top 10 DAC donors

Source: OECD, DAC

countries have difficulty servicing and can free up public resources for other purposes, but it may not result in an equivalent expansion of development activities. Humanitarian assistance provides relief for sudden disasters and emergency situations, but it does not generally contribute to financing long-term development. Furthermore, the administrative costs of providing aid are mainly spent in the donor economy.

Aid is not the only source of development finance or, for many countries, the most important. Remittances and private capital flows are a growing source of financing for some. But extremely poor countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, still require substantial increases in aid to reach their development goals.

93 Economy

Developing country Net ODA received as a share of GNI, 2008 A British Chinook helicopter takes UNHCR relief items to the

Leepa Valley, in Pakistan-administered Kashmir

Rank Liberia Afghanistan Burundi Solomon Islands Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

Marshall Islands São Tomé and Príncipe Palau

The Gambia St. Vincent and the Grenadines St. Lucia

St. Kitts and Nevis

São Tomé and Príncipe Monaco

Cape Verde

Barbados The Bahamas

Antigua and Barbuda

Andorra

Martinique (Fr)

Uruguay

U n i t e d S t a t e s

United Kingdom

Trinidad and Tobago

Togo Suriname

Spain

Sierra Leone Senegal

The Netherlands

Morocco

El Salvador

Ecuador Cuba

d'IvoireCôte Costa Rica

Colombia

Chile

C a n a d a

Burkina Faso

B r a z i l Antilles (Neth)

Isle of Man (UK)

Guadeloupe (Fr)

Greenland (Den)

Gibraltar (UK)

French Polynesia (Fr)

French Guiana (Fr)

Channel Islands (UK)

Cayman Islands (UK)

Bermuda (UK)

Aruba (Neth)

US Virgin Islands (US) British Virgin Islands (UK)

Puerto Rico (US) Turks and Caicos

Islands (UK)

Luxembourg gives the largest amount of aid per capita The United States is the

largest donor of total aid

In 2008, aid per capita received by developing countries was $23,

up from $13 in 1990

less than $10

$10–49

$50–99

$100 or more

no data

received

less than $50

$50–149

net donor

$150–249

$250 or more

donated aid per capita, 2008

Aid

94

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Development Assistance Committee (DAC)

www.oecd.org/dac Many donor countries pledged to provide aid equivalent to at least

0.7 percent of GNI, but the average remains below 0.31 percent. In 2009, only five countries—Sweden, Norway, Luxembourg, Denmark, and the Netherlands—have fulfilled their pledge.

Tying arrangements, which limit where aid can be spent, may prevent aid recipients from obtaining the best value for their money. On average, 87 percent of the aid provided by DAC members was untied in 2008, compared with 81 percent in 2000.

Since 1990, aid per capita increased by $14 in Sub-Saharan Africa, from $35 to $49. Aid per capita to the Middle East and North Africa increased by $28, from $45 in 1990 to $73 in 2008.

Aid received by low-income countries in 2008 constituted 9.2 percent of their GNI. In middle-income countries aid was only 0.3 percent of GNI.

Facts Internet links

Statistics on aid from OECD DAC www.oecd.org/dac/stats

World Bank Group, International Development Association

www.worldbank.org/ida European Commission—Aid ec.europa.eu/europeaid

International Monetary Fund,

Poverty Reduction Growth Facility www.imf.org

(search for What the IMF Does)

West Bank and Gaza

Vanuatu

Tonga Timor-Leste

Solomon Islands Singapore Federated States of Micronesia

Marshall Islands Cyprus

Comoros

Brunei Darussalam Bahrain

United Arab Emirates

Arab Rep.

Switzerland Sweden

Swaziland Sudan

Sri Lanka

South Africa

Somalia Slovenia

Slovak Republic Serbia

Saudi Arabia

Rwanda

Papua New Guinea

Kyrgyz Republic

Kenya

Kazakhstan

Jordan

Japan Italy

Islamic Republic of Iran Iraq

FYR Macedonia nce

Finland

Ethiopia Estonia

Eritrea

Equatorial Guinea

Djibouti Denmark

Dem. Rep.

of Congo

Dem. People's Rep. of Korea Czech Republic

Croatia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bhutan

New Zealand Armenia

Arab Rep.

of Egypt

Angola eria

Montenegro

Afghanistan Albania

Réunion (Fr) New

Caledonia (Fr) N. Mariana Islands (US)

Mayotte (Fr)

Guam (US)

American Samoa (US)

Sub-Saharan Africa received the largest amount of net aid of any region Sweden leads all donors in the share of gross national income provided as aid

East Asia and Pacific received the smallest amount of aid per capita of any region

95 Economy

The World Bank Group’s exposure in 2008—

regional distribution

$ billions

Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database

IBRD IDA IFC MIGA

Middle East

& North Africa

Saharan Sub-Africa East Asia

& Pacific Latin America &

Caribbean Europe &

Central Asia

South Asia 0

10 20 30 40 50 60

Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database International

Development Association (IDA) 44%

International Financial Corporation (IFC) 10%

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 44%

World Bank Group’s exposure to developing countries in 2008

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 2%

Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services, and income)

Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database Middle East

& North Africa

Saharan Sub-Africa East Asia

& Pacific Latin America &

Caribbean Europe &

Central Asia

South Asia

Debt service has declined significantly for countries receiving debt relief

1995 2000 2008

0 10 20 30 40

Many countries borrow from

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