CAPÍTULO V. Documentación y distintivos obligatorios
Artículo 42. Contrato de enseñanza
Learning hours: 60
NQF level 4: BTEC Higher National – H1
Description of unit
This unit is designed to help learners develop the skills and knowledge needed to apply the scientific principles associated with the properties and behaviour of structures, imposed loading on structures and load transference to individual elements. The various factors that affect structural behaviour and underpin the design of simple structural elements are explored both in theory and through the use of physical models. Standard design calculations and codes of practice are investigated, as is the subsequent translation of the results of such calculations into detailed drawings for the purpose of fabrication and construction.
This unit will also include the preparation of schedules and cutting lists. The emphasis is on the standard methods of design and detailing used for a variety of structural elements constructed in a variety of structural materials. This unit also provides an introduction to the use of
contemporary computer software as an aid to the design process.
Summary of learning outcomes
To achieve this unit a learner must:
1 Investigate the strength and elastic properties of typical structural materials
2 Determine the loading conditions for simple structures and show an appreciation of the performance and behaviour of the structure down to foundation level
3 Analyse statically determinate structures, including simple frames, and calculate the stress in individual elements of that structure
4 Design elements of a structure using manual methods and also with the aid of computer software
5 Detail elements of a structure both by manual methods and by using computer assisted drawing (CAD) in a variety of structural materials.
Content
1 Strength and elastic properties of typical structural materials
Basic principles that underpin structural design to include: the concept of structure and structural response including the use of physical models to demonstrate non-standard structural situations, the concept of structure and structural response including the use of physical models to demonstrate non-standard structural solutions, types of forces
experienced by structural elements, compression, tension, shear and bending
Response of structural materials: forces according to material classification (malleable, ductile, brittle, soft, strong). Elastic and plastic deformation, limits of proportionality and modulus of elasticity, permissible stress, factors of safety (including partial safety factors in limit state design)
2 Loading conditions for simple structures
The cause of loading on structures and the principles, methods, practices and procedures used to assess their effects to include: dead, imposed and wind loading on a structure.
British Standard Codes of Practice on loading, including wind loading, definition and application of limit states and load factors, basic factors affecting load transference at joints, both restrained and unrestrained, transfer of loading from superstructure to foundation and safe ground bearing pressure
3 Statically determinate structures
The stressing of structures and an appreciation of the principles, methods, practices and procedures: assess the effects of such stresses, the concept of structure, the elements that comprise a structure
Forces and reactions: caused by direct loading, assumptions made when analysing simple structural elements such as beams, cantilevers, columns, walls and framed structures, compressive, tensile, shear and bending stresses as found in structural elements under load, shear force and bending moment diagrams and the relationship between them
4 Design elements of a structure
Selection of the appropriate factors affecting the design of structural elements: what is being loaded, how it is being loaded, how it is being supported etc, sectional properties of simple beam sections determined from the use of standard formulae or manufacturer’s published tables (Ixx, Iyy, Zxx, Zyy)
Variation in bending stresses: across a section for simply supported beams and cantilevers, axial stress and bending stress on a column due to simple concentric and asymmetrical loading
Combinations of axial and bending stresses: on a column cross-section to ascertain maximum stress, section sizes for simply supported beams subject to both point and uniformly distributed loads
Section sizes and tensile reinforcement: requirements for simply supported reinforced concrete beams and one-way spanning concrete floor slabs, basic factors affecting the design of plain masonry columns and walls, design of timber floor joists to carry a given load over a simply supported span
5 Detail elements of a structure
Manual and CAD techniques: used to produce working drawings (in compliance with standard practice and including all required schedules and cutting lists) for the purposes of production, fabrication and erection. Roof trusses, portal frames, plate girders in structural steel — including details of node arrangements, cleats, shear plates, bolts, welding
requirements and any external fittings
Simple elements of a structure: column foundations, stair flights and landings, continuous beams, continuous one-way spanning floor slabs, columns and column/floor intersections in in-situ reinforced concrete — including chairs for top steel, cut-off points for
reinforcement, distribution reinforcement, cover distances, main bars, distribution bars and links, shear reinforcement, starter bars and kickers for column shutters
Simple elements of structural timber: joist to joist and joist to support connections. Timber connectors, bolts, plates, gang-nail connectors, cleats, shear rings and hangers. Suspended timber floors including strutting, lateral restraint into walls and trimming of openings — including grade and type of timber, nominal and actual sizes, sawn, planed and prepared components
Outcomes and assessment criteria
Outcomes Assessment criteria for pass
To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to:
1 Investigate the strength and elastic properties of typical structural materials
· produce models of structural situations and describe the outcome for different materials under applied loading conditions
· calculate stresses and strains for simple elements and ascertain the modulus of elasticity of the material
· use permissible stress to calculate permissible loads 2 Determine the loading
conditions for simple structures and show an appreciation of the
performance and behaviour of the structure down to
foundation level
· identify loading conditions for a simple structure and apply load factors in appropriate situations
· calculate ground-bearing pressures beneath
foundations due to loading from superstructure and determine appropriate foundation size for allowable ground bearing pressure
3 Analyse statically determinate structures, including simple frames, and calculate the stress in individual elements of that structure
· determine reactions for simply supported beams and cantilevers subject to point and distributed loads
· produce diagrams to represent the variation in bending moment and shear force for simply supported beams and cantilevers subject to point and distributed loads
· demonstrate the relationship between loading intensity, shear force, bending moment and deflection at any section for a simply supported beam under various loading conditions
· determine the force acting in members of a statically determinate frame
Outcomes Assessment criteria for pass
To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to:
4 Design elements of a structure using manual methods and also with the aid of computer software
· determine the required section size for structural steel beams and cantilevers subjected to point and distributed loads using manual, published data and computer software methods
· determine the required section size and tensile reinforcement requirement for in-situ reinforced concrete beams, one way spanning floor slabs and cantilevers subjected to point and distributed loads using manual, published data and computer software methods
· determine the design of plain masonry columns and walls
· determine timber floor joist section sizes over simply supported spans for given loading conditions 5 Detail elements of a
structure both by manual methods and by using computer assisted drawing (CAD) in a variety of structural materials
· draw manually and using CAD elements of structural steelwork including fabrication details and produce bolt schedules and cutting lists
· draw manually and using CAD various elements of an in-situ reinforced concrete structure showing all reinforcement referencing and construction detail including reinforcement schedules
· draw manually, and using CAD, elements of structural timber showing connection details and interaction with supports and openings
Guidance
Delivery
It is envisaged that 30% of the unit is devoted to detailing of structural elements. Learners should be encouraged to work through problems related to real life situations so that they become familiar with the application of calculations to real structures. Once the design for an element of a structure has been clarified, the tutor’s role should be of a counselling rather than directing nature. The learner should be encouraged to study recent completed drawings and designs so that he/she becomes familiar with current practice and standards of presentations.
Physical modelling and testing is best accomplished in small groups.
Assessment
It is recommended that evidence for learning outcomes is achieved through well-planned course work, assignments and projects. Assessment may be formative and summative and both may feature as part of the process. Learner’s evidence may be in the form of manual calculations with computer-based output, supplementing the numerical content. Drawings should indicate manual drafting abilities and knowledge of CAD. At least one drawing should be taken to completion with full construction details for a complete element of a structure. The
presentational aspects of the evidence need to be carefully considered. Integrative assignments and project work will help to link this unit with other related units.
Where available, evidence from the workplace can also be incorporated to enhance the learning outcomes, provided that this evidence is appropriate and authenticated as the learner’s own work. The volume of evidence required for each assessment should take into account the overall number of assessments being contemplated within this unit and the design of the overall teaching programme.
Appropriate attention must be given to health, safety and welfare arrangements and CDM Regulations throughout the delivery of this unit.
In designing the assessment instruments, opportunities may also be included to generate evidence to meet the CIC Common Learning Outcomes and higher level skills appropriate to the outcomes of this unit, see Annex D and Annex F.
Links
This unit builds upon the knowledge gained in construction and materials related units and is linked to Unit 2: Science and Materials, Unit 3: Analytical Methods, Unit 7: Technology A and Unit 8: Technology B. Entry requirement for this unit should include some knowledge of
Resources
Learners should have access to experimental and modelling equipment for the production and testing of structural models. Design and drafting equipment and appropriate computer software with at least A2 size plotting facilities.
Support materials Textbooks
· Boughton, B — Reinforced Concrete Detailers Manual 3rd Edition — (Crosby Lockwood Staples, 1979)
· Cainl J and Hulse, R — Structural Mechanics 2nd Edition — (Palgrave, 2000)
· Draycott, T — Structural Elements Design Manual — (Heinemann Professional, 1990)
· Durka, A and Morgan, W et al — Structural Mechanics 6th Edition — (Pearson, 1996)
· Newton, P — Structural Detailing 2nd Edition — (Macmillan, 1991)
· Rossow, E — Analysis and Behaviour of Structures — (Prentice Hall, 1996)
· Westbrook, R and Walker, D — Structural Engineering Design in Practice 3rd Edition — (Longman, 1996)
Other publications
· British Standards Institute BS 6399-1:1996 Loading for Buildings. Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads — (British Standards Institute, 1996)
Unit 25: Measurement B
Learning hours: 60
NQF level 4: BTEC Higher National – H2
Description of unit
This unit aims to extend the skills gained in Unit 19: Measurement A by developing the composite measurement of more complex elements, components and building services to non-domestic and large scale buildings.
The unit has been designed to enable learners studying Construction, Civil Engineering and Building Services Engineering to apply, analyse and measure a range of components and elements found in large scale buildings or structures, and to produce approximate quantities.
Summary of learning outcomes
To achieve this unit a learner must:
1 Apply measurement techniques to a range of more complex situations
2 Produce measured quantities for a range of elements and components to large scale (non-domestic) structures
3 Prepare relevant preamble and preliminary items to given situations
4 Produce measured bills of quantities and schedules using both manual and computer aided systems, including interim certificates and final accounts.
Content
1 Measurement techniques
Standard techniques applied to the measurement of large-scale projects or developments:
production of bills of quantities, measurement of variations, production of sub-contract and supply side packages, production of final accounts, maintenance and refurbishment works
2 Measured quantities
Take-off measurements and produce quantities for the following elements or work sections:
complicated foundations and substructures including brick and concrete basement, sloping site excavations and underpinning, superstructure including complicated external and internal walls
Elements of a building: concrete and steel framed buildings; in-situ, cast and pre-stressed concrete structures; brick and masonry structures; complex flat and pitched roof construction and coverings with metal coverings; internal and external finishes and treatments; internal components such as doors, windows, panelling staircases and kitchen units; differing types of floor systems
Building engineering services: plumbing, heating and ventilating, electrical installations and above and below ground disposal systems
Measurement techniques: payments, final account work, different forms of procurement and different types of contractual arrangement
3 Preamble and preliminary items
Preamble clauses: as required by the Standard Method of Measurement, writing preliminary items/clauses for inclusion in a bill of quantities
4 Bills of quantities
Traditional, cut and shuffle and computer aided systems: working up processes as appropriate to such methods, production of bills of quantities for a major work section or trade section of a construction project, different formats of bills of quantities and other contract documentation and their effect on the construction team
Payment: production of interim and final accounts
Outcomes and assessment criteria
Outcomes Assessment criteria for pass
To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to:
1 Apply measurement
techniques to a range of more complex situations
· compare the different uses of measurement
· apply the technique of measurement to differing situations on a complex construction project
· assess the role of measurement in the design, production and maintenance of a construction project
2 Produce measured quantities for a range of elements and components to large scale (non-domestic) structures
· apply appropriate techniques in order to obtain quantities of work for types of contractual arrangements
· take-off and produce quantities in accordance with the requirements of the standard method(s) of measurement
· determine the measurement technique and process to suit the particular situation
3 Prepare relevant preamble and preliminary items to given situations
· produce appropriate draft preliminary items/clauses for inclusion in a bill of quantities
· produce specific and appropriate draft preamble clauses, as specifically required by the SMM, for inclusion in the bill of quantities
4 Produce measured bills of quantities and schedules using both manual and computer aided systems, including interim certificates and final accounts
· process and produce bills of quantities for more complex work sections, using at least one of the standard methods for producing bills of quantities
· apply different methods of producing bills of quantities
· analyse the reasons for using different formats for bills of quantities
· generate a variety of appropriate interim certificates and final accounts for a variety of end-users
Guidance
Delivery
Large-scale projects or developments should be used to assist in the understanding of the measurement of complex elements in the construction process.
Since it is important that learners have a good understanding of the principles of construction, the content of Unit 19: Measurement A and the industry itself, it is recommended that this unit is studied in the second year of a two year programme. It is important that the learners have access to the appropriate standard methods of measurement. These should be current or include amendments where appropriate. The emphasis of this unit is for those learners who are studying the construction programmes. Construction or development projects of a more complex nature should be used to extend the knowledge gained by the learner, together with a current working knowledge and practice of the construction industry. Learners should work individually, but they could be required to provide oral presentations from their own studies or experiences.
Assessment
It is recommended that evidence for learning outcomes is achieved through well-planned course work, assignments and projects. Assessment may be formative and summative and both may feature as part of the process. Although assessments must be focused on the individual achievement of each learner, group work and role-play activities may contribute to the assessment. Integrative assignments and project work will help to link this unit with other related units.
Where available, evidence from the workplace can also be incorporated to enhance the learning outcomes, provided that this evidence is appropriate and authenticated as the learner’s own work. The volume of evidence required for each assessment should take into account the overall number of assessments being contemplated within this unit and the design of the overall teaching programme.
Appropriate attention must be given to health, safety and welfare arrangements and CDM Regulations throughout the delivery of this unit.
In designing the assessment instruments, opportunities may also be included to generate evidence to meet the CIC Common Learning Outcomes and higher level skills appropriate to the outcomes of this unit, see Annex D and Annex F.
Links
Resources
Learners should have access to a wide range of library resources, including textbooks, professional and technical journals, government and industry wide publications, copies of previous bills of quantities where appropriate, and the different methods of measurement and associated documents.
Learners should have access to relevant ICT facilities and software packages developed to assist the measurement process.
Support materials Textbooks
· Barnes, M — Civil Engineering Standard Methods of Measurement Handbook 2nd Edition
— (Thomas Telford, 1992)
· Seeley, I — Advanced Building Measurement 2nd Edition — (Palgrave Macmillan, 1989)
· Seeley, I — Building Quantities Explained 5th Edition — (Palgrave Macmillan, 1998) Other publications
· Barbour Index (CD-Rom) or equivalent Barbour Index
· Code of Procedure for the Production of Drawings RICS/CCPI
· Code of Procedure for Specifications RICS/CCPI
· Common Arrangement of Work Sections (CAWS) RICS/CCPI
· National Building Agency — National Building Specification 4 Vols (RIBA, 1973)
· RICS — SMM7 The Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works Revised Edition
— (RICS, 1998)