OBJETIVOS Y CONTENIDOS DEL CURSO DEL NIVEL A2.1. LENGUA ESPAÑOLA
6. Control de la comunicación oral
State police forces across India are working with private companies to deploy AI-assisted facial or image recognition algorithms and predictive policing tools to detect and prevent crimes.92
90 Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2017, Bill No. 214-C of 2016, § 3 (inserting new § 2B), http://164.100.
47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedLoksabha/214C_2016_LS_Eng.pdf, archived at https://perma.cc/DTX8-B8NN.
91 Moushumi Das Gupta, Won’t Allow Driverless Cars that Take Away Jobs: Nitin Gadkari, HINDUSTAN TIMES
(July 25, 2017), https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/won-t-allow-driverless-cars-that-take-away-jobs-says- union-minister-nitin-gadkari/story-JCDjBMoDQ4yzXrWv3ltxsK.html, archived at https://perma.cc/F3NC-D3L3.
92 ARINDRAJIT BASU &ELONNAI HICKOK,CIS,ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE GOVERNANCE SECTOR IN INDIA 3-7
(Working Draft), https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/ai-and-governance-case-study-pdf (last visited Nov. 21, 2018), archived at https://perma.cc/RZ35-PFCJ; Abhishek Baxi, Law Enforcement Agencies in India Are Using Artificial Intelligence to Nab Criminals – Here’s How, FORBES (Sept. 28, 2018), https://www.forbes.com/sites/ baxiabhishek/2018/09/28/law-enforcement-agencies-in-india-are-using-artificial-intelligence-to-nab-criminals- heres-how/#fce76d241d31, archived at https://perma.cc/93LW-TDEG; John R. Quain, Crime-predicting A.I. Isn’t Science Fiction. It’s About to Roll Out in India, DIGITAL TRENDS (Apr. 11, 2018), https://www.digitaltrends.com/ cool-tech/could-ai-based-surveillance-predict-crime-before-it-happens/, archived at https://perma.cc/R76Z-AHPU; Smita Sinha, How Staqu’s AI-Powered Smart Glasses Can Help Cops Identify Criminals in a Crowd, ANALYTICS
INDIA MAGAZINE (May 31, 2018), https://www.analyticsindiamag.com/how-staqus-ai-powered-smart-glasses-can- help-cops-identify-criminals-in-a-crowd/, archived at https://perma.cc/B27C-XZHC.
Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: East/South Asia and the Pacific
Indonesia
Indonesian entities are reportedly leaders in the adoption of AI in the ASEAN region, with a recent survey showing that nearly 25% of organizations have done so.93 In October 2018, Indonesia’s first AI research center was launched.94 The government itself is using AI, such as in its approach to combatting hoaxes and false information online.95
The government reportedly produced a digital strategy in 2017, with a focus on supporting small and medium enterprises to be “digitally empowered.”96
In August 2018, the President of Indonesia stated that the country’s automotive sector needed to take note of developments in the global automotive industry, including the challenges arising from the disruption of technology such as autonomous vehicles and online transportation applications. With reference to autonomous vehicles, he stated that “we might have to redefine a car.”97 There are currently no specific laws or regulations related to autonomous vehicles in Indonesia.98
Japan
The Strategic Council for AI Technology was established in April 2016 at the behest of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, to develop research and development goals and a roadmap for the industrialization of AI. Comprised of representatives from academia, industry, and government,99
93 Ai Lei Tao, Indonesia Leads ASEAN Region in AI Adoption, COMPUTER WEEKLY (July 12, 2018),
https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252444634/Indonesia-leads-ASEAN-region-in-AI-adoption, archived at
https://perma.cc/D2WA-NAQU; Kesavan Loganthan, Indonesia Welcomes AI as It Embraces Digital Disruption, TECHINASIA (Oct. 19, 2018), https://www.techinasia.com/indonesia-ai-digital-disruption, archived at
https://perma.cc/5G35-8K8V.
94 Joint Effort Drives Indonesia’s First AI Research Center, TEMPO.CO (Oct. 27, 2018), https://en.tempo.co/
read/news/2018/10/27/310922922/Joint-Effort-Drives-Indonesias-First-AI-Research-Center, archived at
https://perma.cc/Z24L-EB3S.
95 Government Deploys Artificial Intelligence to Combat Internet Hoaxes, JAKARTA POST (Jan. 31, 2018),
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/01/31/govt-deploys-artificial-intelligence-to-combat-internet- hoaxes.html, archived at https://perma.cc/4H8A-62R5.
96 Lis Sutjiati, Indonesia’s Digital Economy Will Thrive as Small Business Come Online, Says Gov’t, TECHINASIA
(Nov. 3, 2017), https://www.techinasia.com/indonesias-digital-economy-thrive-small-businesses-online-govt-plan, archived at https://perma.cc/4XHC-XTD2; Transformation Towards Indonesia’s Digital-Savvy MSMEs,
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS, https://asean.org/transformation-towards-indonesias-digital-savvy- msmes/ (last visited Nov. 19, 2018), archived at https://perma.cc/3HHS-NHCW.
97 We Must Follow the Development of Global Automotive Industry, SEKRETARIAT KABINET REPUBLIC INDONESIA
(Aug. 2, 2018), http://setkab.go.id/en/we-must-follow-the-development-of-global-automotive-industry/, archived at
https://perma.cc/9V8P-787A.
98 See BAKER MCKENZIE,GLOBAL DRIVERLESS VEHICLE SURVEY 2018, at 107–11 (Mar. 2018), https://www.baker
mckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/publications/2018/03/global-driverless-vehicle-survey-2018/mm_global_ driverlessvehiclesurvey2018_mar2018.pdf, archived at https://perma.cc/SZA5-XU89.
99 人工知能技術戦略会議 [Strategic Council for AI Technology], CABINET OFFICE, http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/
Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: East/South Asia and the Pacific
the Strategic Council released its Artificial Intelligence Technology Strategy in March 2017.100 According to the Strategy, the Council acts as a control tower and manages five national research and development institutions that are under the jurisdictions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC); the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT); and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in order to promote research and development of AI technology. In addition to the three ministries, the Council coordinates with ministries that possess big data and have jurisdiction over industries that utilize AI, such as the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program of the Cabinet Office; the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, to promote the utilization and application of AI technology.101 The Council has also formulated industrialization roadmaps for the three prioritized areas of “productivity,” “health, medical care, and welfare,” and “mobility.”102 The Strategy also states that national institutions would develop infrastructure technology, foster skilled human resources, maintain public data, and support start-ups.103 In August 2018, the Council issued an implementation plan for the strategy.104
According to a news article, the government is drafting a comprehensive rule on medical devices that utilize AI. The rule would prescribe that the ultimate responsibility for diagnosis remains with medical doctors and set safety standards for approval by the government.105
As a reference for private businesses, METI has formulated Contract Guidance on Utilization of AI and Data to summarize the issues and factors to be considered when businesses draft a contract on the development and utilization of AI-based software.106 The Guidance suggests a new contract
model that recognizes the importance of AI-related developers’ expertise and compensates them for it.107
100 STRATEGIC COUNCIL FOR AITECHNOLOGY,ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY (Mar. 31, 2017),
http://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100865202.pdf, archived at https://perma.cc/Z59H-ZR3M.
101 Id. at 3. 102 Id. at 4. 103 Id. at 8.
104 STRATEGIC COUNCIL FOR AITECHNOLOGY,IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY
STRATEGY (Aug. 17, 2018), http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/tyousakai/jinkochino/keikaku.pdf, archived at
https://perma.cc/M8CZ-R29M.
105 政府、AI 医療に包括ルール 「医師に最終責任」規定へ [Government, Comprehensive Rule for AI
Healthcare, Prescribe “Medical Doctor Ultimately Responsible”], NIKKEI (June 26, 2018), https://www.nikkei. com/article/DGXMZO32207330V20C18A6MM8000/ (registration required).
106 Press Release, METI, METI Formulates “Contract Guidance on Utilization of AI and Data” (June 15, 2018),
http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2018/0615_002.html, archived at https://perma.cc/JM9U-ENS9. The AI guidance is available at http://www.meti.go.jp/press/2018/06/20180615001/20180615001-3.pdf (in Japanese), archived at https://perma.cc/HZ9J-7QQA.
107 See Japan to Set Ground Rules for Sharing AI’s Riches, NIKKEI ASIAN REVIEW (Dec. 27, 2017),
https://asia.nikkei. com/Politics/Japan-to-set-ground-rules-for-sharing-AI-s-riches2, archived at
Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: East/South Asia and the Pacific
Regarding the regulation of self-driving cars, the government has discussed changes to various laws to prepare for their utilization by 2020.108 Testing of self-driving cars has been allowed in certain conditions.109 In June 2017, the National Police Agency issued circular that allowed testing
of remote control autonomous driving system upon permission.110 The MLIT issued a report on an existing law concerning civil responsibility for traffic accidents involving self-driving cars in March 2018.111
Malaysia
In October 2017, the Malaysian government announced plans to develop a National AI Framework as an expansion of the existing National Big Data Analytics Framework.112 The development of the framework will be led by the Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation. The government also stated that it would establish the Digital Transformation Acceleration Programme (D-TAP) and introduce a “Cloud First” strategy, in addition to its existing Malaysia Tech Entrepreneur Programme (M-TEP).113
In March 2018, the “Deputy Minister of International Trade and Industry (MITI) officiated the Towards Autonomous Technologies Conference 2018, a collaborative efforts [sic] between MIDA (Malaysian Investment Development Authority), CREST (Collaborative Research in Engineering, Science and Technology) and DRB-HICOM University held at the MIDA headquarters.”114 The Deputy Minister stated Malaysia has “notable local companies and universities that have initiated
108 STRATEGIC HEADQUARTERS FOR THE PROMOTION OF AN ADVANCED INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK SOCIETY, 自動運転に係る制度整備大綱 [OUTLINE OF PREPARATION OF SYSTEM CONCERNING
AUTOMATIC OPERATION] 12 (Apr. 17, 2018), https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/it2/kettei/pdf/20180413/auto_ drive.pdf, archived at https://perma.cc/JG2T-3SP3.
109 National Police Agency, 自動走行システムに関する公道実証実験のためのガイドライン [Guidelines for
Testing for Automated Driving System on Public Roads] (May 2016),
https://www.npa.go.jp/koutsuu/kikaku/gaideline.pdf, archived at https://perma.cc/RLP5-BJBA.
110 National Police Agency, 遠 隔 型 自 動 運 転 シ ス テ ム の 公 道 実 証 実 験 に 係 る 道 路 使 用 許 可 の
申 請 に 対 す る 取 扱 い の 基 準 [Standards of Handling Application for Permission of Road Usage for Testing of Remote Control Autonomous Driving System on Public Roads] (June 2017), http://www.autonomous-
car.pref.aichi.jp/application/files/6615/2179/2604/74390936afeef469e578a07d14ec99b5.pdf, archived at
https://perma.cc/T7E5-UMK5.
111 MLIT, 自動運転における損害賠償責任に関する研究会 に関する研究会報告書 [STUDY GROUP
CONCERNING COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES CAUSED BY SELF-DRIVING CARS REPORT (Mar. 2018), http://www. mlit.go.jp/common/001226365.pdf, archived at https://perma.cc/9TF6-ZR5W.
112 Priyankar Bhunia, Plans for Cloud-First Strategy and National AI Framework Revealed at 29th MSC Malaysia
Implementation Council Meeting, OPENGOV ASIA (Oct. 28, 2017), https://www.opengovasia.com/plans-for-cloud- first-strategy-and-national-ai-framework-revealed-at-29th-msc-malaysia-implementation-council-meeting/, archived at https://perma.cc/4T3J-MLJ7.
113 Azura Abas, Najib Unveils Malaysia’s Digital ‘To-Do-List’ to Propel Digital Initiatives, NEW STRAITS TIMES
(Oct. 19, 2017), https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/10/292784/najib-unveils-malaysias-digital-do-list- propel-digital-initiatives, archived at https://perma.cc/VV7Q-HGHP.
114 Press Release, Malaysian Investment Development Authority, Embracing Future Innovations: Companies Need
to Align with the Dynamic Ecosystem of the Automotive Industry (Mar. 21, 2018), http://www.mida.gov.my/home/ 5977/news/embracing-future-innovations-/, archived at https://perma.cc/U92R-2D6N.
Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: East/South Asia and the Pacific
several development projects related to autonomous vehicles and its related technologies.”115 There are currently no specific laws or regulations related to autonomous vehicles in Malaysia.116 In November 2018, it was reported that the Malaysian government “will seek Japan’s assistance on investment in the artificial intelligence (AI) industry in the quest to take its technologies to a more advanced level.”117
New Zealand