Lección 6: EXPLICACIONES Y DECISIONES
3. Para controlar la tristeza y depresión
There are many potential interpretations of ‘management context’ when referring to management of nature reserves, depending on the discipline of the reader. Terms used to describe environment-related management contexts and their definitions are provided in Table 3.1. Each definition has a particular emphasis, albeit an underlying theme of them all is protecting the environment for the present and the future to some greater or lesser degree. The management context terms and their definitions provided in Table 3.1 are included in full to enable easy referral when one of these terms is mentioned in later sections.
Drawing on these definitions a very broad interpretation of context has been adopted herein in order to maximise the range of issues that could be encountered in managing a nature reserve. Consequently, any model of a nature reserve management system to be developed must support inclusion/exclusion of any identified issue. Specifically, the context for the term management of nature reserves is defined hereinto refer to:
the management of any area that has been identified for the protection of habitats including living organisms within that habitat, irrespective of any statutory or non-statutory identification assigned to the area, whether the area is managed privately, by government or other environment organisation, and whether or not the area is subject to sustainable resource usage.
Table 3.1 - Management context definitions
Management context Definition Community natural
resource management “A commitment to involve community members and institutions in the management and conservation of natural resources” (Kellert et al 2000, p. 706)
Ecosystem
management “… integrates scientific knowledge of ecological relationships within a complex socio-political and values framework toward the general goal of protecting native ecosystem integrity over the long term” (Grumbine 1994, p 31)
“… represents an evolving philosophical approach to managing natural resources. Rather than managing multiple resources independently, an ecosystem approach focuses on the collective management of all resources and maintaining ecological integrity while allowing resource extraction. This approach seeks to ensure the co-existence of healthy, fully functioning ecosystems and human communities and development” (Leech et al 2009, p. 1) Ecosystem-based
management “… is preferable to ecosystem management because it [ecosystem-based management] reflects the notion that the principle [principal] activity is the management of human interactions with the ecosystem rather than the ecosystem itself “(Pirot et al 2000, Note on p. 1)
Environmental
management A term not defined in the literature, but used in the title of two journals and common vernacular: i) “Environmental Management offers research and opinions on use and conservation of natural resources, protection of habitats and control of hazards, spanning the field of applied ecology without regard to traditional disciplinary boundaries.”
(http://www.springer.com/environment/environmental+manageme nt/journal/267)
Note: There is no actual mention of management in the description of this journal.
ii) the Journal of Environmental Management (JEM) publishes “peer reviewed, original research for all aspects of management and the managed use of the environment, both natural and man- made.”
The JEM provides “a forum for the discussion of environmental problems around the world and for the presentation of management results. It is aimed not only at the environmental manager, but at anyone concerned with the sustainable use of environmental resources.” (from Aims and Scope of the Journal of
Environmental Management at http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-environmental- management/) Environmental resources management
“… is a purposeful activity with the goal to maintain and improve the state of an environmental resource affected by human activities. Management should guarantee services provided by the resource (e.g. water for irrigation, fisheries), prevent damages (e.g. flooding) and maintain the state of the resource for the use of future generations (e.g. preserve groundwater resources) but also
Management context Definition
respect the maintenance of the integrity of ecosystems as a goal in itself (e.g. maintenance of a good ecological state of rivers).” Also referred to as integrated environmental resources management. (Pahl-Wostl 2007, p.1)
Natural resource
management “… planned and active manipulation of ecosystems and processes for human benefit.” (Holzman 2007, Slide 2) “… is about managing the way in which people and natural landscapes interact“ (Natural Resources Commission 2012, p. 1). “… managed use of the environment, both natural and man- made” (from Aims and Scope of the Journal of Environmental Management at http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of- environmental-management/)
Nature reserve
management … managing a tract of land (i.e. terrestrial reserve) so as to preserve its flora, fauna, and physical features. This definition is based on statutory definitions of nature reserve, as in, for example, New South Wales (2012), Scottish Natural Heritage (2000, p. 4) and Tasmania (2002a).
Marine nature reserve is used where there is a component of off- shore waters included in the reserve e.g. beach and foreshore, and marine reserve for off-shore waters where no land forms part of the reserve. Management is the same as for nature reserve. Protected area
management The IUCN (1994) defines a protected area as: and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection of biological An area of land diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means.
There are six categories of protected area and seven management objectives identified as primary, secondary or other to each type of protected area. (IUCN 1994)
Sustainable management of protected areas
“… is the application of sustainable practices in the environment by managing them in a way that will benefit current generations and future generations.”
(Wikipedia – sustainable management) Sustainable resource
management “… aims at securing the physical basis of society and economy in the long run and in a way that neither resource extraction or use nor subsequent final disposal of waste and emissions exceed the capacities or tolerable limits of nature or society respectively (Bringezu 2002, p. 7)