3.1. Resultados descriptivos Estrategias de enseñanza
3.1.1. Correlación de variables y contrastación de hipótesis general Hipótesis general
Classification criteria: type of hedge
Hedging transactions are aimed at neutralising potential losses on a specific item or group of items, attributable to a certain risk, if such a risk should actually occur.
The following types of hedging transactions are used:
– fair value hedge, which has the objective of covering exposure to changes in the fair value (attributable to the different risk categories) of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet, or on a portion of these, of groups of assets/liabilities, of binding commitments and portfolios of financial assets and liabilities, including “core deposits”, as permitted by IAS 39 endorsed by the European Commission;
– cash flow hedge, which has the objective of covering exposure to variability in future cash flows attributable to particular risks associated with balance sheet captions. This type of hedge is essentially used to stabilise the interest flow on floating rate funding to the extent that the latter finances fixed rate investments. In certain circumstances, similar transactions are carried out with respect to some types of floating rate investments;
– hedges of net investments in foreign currency, which refer to the coverage of the risks of net investments in foreign operations expressed in their original currency.
Only hedging transactions which involve counterparties outside the Group may qualify for hedge accounting.
Recognition criteria
Hedging derivative financial instruments, like all derivatives, are initially recognised and subsequently measured at fair value.
Measurement criteria
Hedging derivatives are measured at fair value. In particular:
– in the case of fair value hedges, the change in the fair value of the hedged item is offset by the change in fair value of the hedging instrument. Offsetting is recognised via the registration in the income statement of the gains and losses referred to both the hedged item (as concerns the variations produced by the underlying risk factor), and the hedging instrument. Any difference, which represents the partial ineffectiveness of the hedge, is therefore the net economic effect;
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Derecognition criteria
Financial assets are derecognised solely if the sale leads to the substantial transfer of all the risks and rewards connected to the assets. Conversely, if a significant part of the risks and rewards relative to the sold financial assets is maintained, they continue to be recorded in assets, even though their title has been transferred.
When it is not possible to ascertain the substantial transfer of risks and rewards, the financial assets are derecognised where no control over the assets has been maintained. If this is not the case, when control, even partial, is maintained, the assets continue to be recognised for the entity’s continuing involvement, measured by the exposure to changes in value of assets sold and to variations in the relevant cash flows.
Lastly, financial assets sold are derecognised if the entity retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the asset, but signs a simultaneous obligation to pay such cash flows, and only such cash flows, to third parties.
4. Loans
Classification criteria
Loans include loans to customers and due from banks, both disbursed directly and acquired by third parties, which entail fixed or in any case determinable payments, which are not quoted on an active market and which are not classified at inception in Financial assets available for sale.
The caption Loans to customers also includes commercial loans, repurchase agreements with the obligation to resell at a later date, and securities underwritten at issue or via private placements, with determined or determinable payments, not quoted in active markets.
Reclassifications to the other categories of financial assets established in IAS 39 are not permitted.
Recognition criteria
Initial recognition of a loan occurs at the date of subscription of the contract that normally coincides with the disbursement date. Should this not be the case, a commitment to disburse funds is made along the subscription of the contract, which will cease to exist upon disbursement of the loan. The loan is recognised based on its fair value, equal to the amount disbursed or subscription price, inclusive of the costs/revenues directly attributable to the single loan and determinable from inception, even when settled at a later date. Costs that, even with the aforementioned characteristics, are reimbursed by the borrower or are classifiable as normal internal administrative costs are excluded.
If, in rare circumstances, the inclusion in this category occurs following reclassification from Financial assets available for sale or from Financial assets held for trading, the fair value of the asset as at the date of reclassification is used as the new amortised cost of the asset.
Measurement criteria
After initial recognition, loans are measured at amortised cost, equal to initial value increased/decreased by principal repayments, adjustments/recoveries and amortisation – calculated applying the effective interest method – of the difference between amount disbursed and amount to be reimbursed at maturity, typically attributable to the costs/revenues directly connected to the single loan. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments of the loan, for principal and interest, to the amount disbursed inclusive of the costs/revenues attributable to the loan. This measurement method uses a financial approach and allows distribution of the economic effect of the costs/revenues through the expected residual maturity of the loan.
The amortised cost method is not used for loans whose short maturity implies that the application of the discounting approach leads to immaterial effects. Such loans are recorded at historical cost. An analogous measurement criterion is applied to loans with unspecified maturity or with notice period.
Loans are reassessed for the purpose of identifying those which, due to events occurred after initial recognition, show objective evidence of possible impairment. These include doubtful loans, substandard, restructured or past due loans according to the rules issued by the Bank of Italy, consistent with IAS/IFRS regulations.
These non-performing loans undergo an individual measurement process, or the calculation of the expected loss for homogeneous categories and analytical allocation to each position, and the amount of the adjustment of each loan is the difference between its carrying value at the time of measurement (amortised cost) and the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted using the original effective interest rate.
Expected cash flows consider expected recovery periods, presumed realisable value of guarantees as well as the costs sustained for the recovery of credit exposure.
The original effective rate of each loan remains unchanged over time even though the relationship has been restructured with a variation of the contractual interest rate and even though the relationship, in practice, no longer bears contractual interest. The adjustment is recorded in the income statement.
The original value of loans is reinstated in subsequent periods to the extent that the reasons which had led to the impairment cease to exist, provided that such valuation is objectively attributed to an event which occurred subsequent to the impairment. The recovery is recorded in the income statement and must not lead the carrying amount of the loan to exceed the amortised cost had no impairment losses been recognised in previous periods.
Recoveries on impairment include time value effects.
The renegotiation of credit exposures granted by the Bank with respect to performing loans to customers is substantially similar to the opening of a new position, when it is due to commercial reasons other than the deterioration in the borrower’s financial situation, provided that the interest rate applied is a market rate at the renegotiation date.
When renegotiations are granted to borrowers suffering from a deterioration in their financial situation, exposures are classified under non-performing loans.
Loans for which no objective evidence of loss has emerged from individual measurement are subject to collective measurement. Collective measurement occurs for homogeneous loan categories in terms of credit risk and the relative loss percentages are estimated considering past time-series and other objective elements observable at measurement date, which enable the latent loss to be estimated for each loan category. Measurement also considers the risk connected to the borrower’s country of residence. Collective adjustments are recorded in the income statement.
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Derecognition criteria
Loans sold are derecognised solely if the sale leads to the substantial transfer of all the risks and rewards connected to the loans. Conversely, if a significant part of the risks and rewards relative to the sold loans is maintained, they continue to be recorded in assets, even though their title has been transferred.
When it is not possible to ascertain the substantial transfer of risks and rewards, the loans are derecognised where no control over the loans has been maintained. If this is not the case, when control, even partial, is maintained, then the loans continue to be recognised for the entity’s continuing involvement, measured by the exposure to changes in value of loans sold and to variations in the relevant cash flows.
Lastly, loans sold are derecognised if the entity retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the loan, but signs a simultaneous obligation to pay such cash flows, and only such cash flows, to third parties.
5. Financial assets designated at fair value through profit and loss
Classification criteria
IAS/IFRS endorsed by the European Commission enable the classification as financial instruments designated at fair value through profit and loss of any financial asset thus defined at the moment of acquisition, in compliance with the cases contemplated in the reference regulations.
Reclassifications to the other categories of financial assets are not permitted.
Intesa Sanpaolo has only classified in this category investments with respect to insurance policies and certain debt securities with incorporated derivatives or debt securities subject to financial hedging and equity investments held, directly or through funds, in companies involved in the venture capital business.
Recognition criteria
On initial recognition, financial assets are measured at fair value, without considering transaction costs or revenues directly attributable to the instrument.
Measurement criteria
After initial recognition, the financial instruments in question are measured at fair value. The effects of the application of this measurement criterion are recorded in the income statement.
Derecognition criteria
Financial assets are derecognised solely if the sale leads to the substantial transfer of all the risks and rewards connected to the assets. Conversely, if a significant part of the risks and rewards relative to the sold financial assets is maintained, they continue to be recorded in assets, even though their title has been transferred.
When it is not possible to ascertain the substantial transfer of risks and rewards, the financial assets are derecognised where no control over the assets has been maintained. If this is not the case, when control, even partial, is maintained, the assets continue to be recognised for the entity’s continuing involvement, measured by the exposure to changes in value of assets sold and to variations in the relevant cash flows.
Lastly, financial assets sold are derecognised if the entity retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the asset, but signs a simultaneous obligation to pay such cash flows, and only such cash flows, to third parties.
6. Hedging transactions
Classification criteria: type of hedge
Hedging transactions are aimed at neutralising potential losses on a specific item or group of items, attributable to a certain risk, if such a risk should actually occur.
The following types of hedging transactions are used:
– fair value hedge, which has the objective of covering exposure to changes in the fair value (attributable to the different risk categories) of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet, or on a portion of these, of groups of assets/liabilities, of binding commitments and portfolios of financial assets and liabilities, including “core deposits”, as permitted by IAS 39 endorsed by the European Commission;
– cash flow hedge, which has the objective of covering exposure to variability in future cash flows attributable to particular risks associated with balance sheet captions. This type of hedge is essentially used to stabilise the interest flow on floating rate funding to the extent that the latter finances fixed rate investments. In certain circumstances, similar transactions are carried out with respect to some types of floating rate investments;
– hedges of net investments in foreign currency, which refer to the coverage of the risks of net investments in foreign operations expressed in their original currency.
Only hedging transactions which involve counterparties outside the Group may qualify for hedge accounting.
Recognition criteria
Hedging derivative financial instruments, like all derivatives, are initially recognised and subsequently measured at fair value.
Measurement criteria
Hedging derivatives are measured at fair value. In particular:
– in the case of fair value hedges, the change in the fair value of the hedged item is offset by the change in fair value of the hedging instrument. Offsetting is recognised via the registration in the income statement of the gains and losses referred to both the hedged item (as concerns the variations produced by the underlying risk factor), and the hedging instrument. Any difference, which represents the partial ineffectiveness of the hedge, is therefore the net economic effect;
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–
in the case of cash flow hedges, changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded in equity, for the effective portion of the hedge, and these are registered in the income statement only when, with reference to the hedged item, there is a variation in the flows to be offset or if the hedge is ineffective;– hedges of net investments in foreign currency are treated in the same way as cash flow hedges.
Derivatives are designated as hedging instruments if there is formal assignation and documentation of the hedging relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument and if this is effective at inception and prospectively over the entire period of the hedge.
The effectiveness of the hedge depends on the extent to which changes in the fair value of the hedged item or the related expected cash flows are offset by those of the hedging instrument. Therefore, effectiveness is appraised by comparing the aforementioned changes, considering the intent pursued by the entity at the time in which it entered the hedging transaction. A hedge is effective when the variations in fair value (or cash flows) of the hedging financial instrument almost completely neutralise, that is within the 80-125% range, the changes in the fair value of the hedged item, for the type of risk being hedged. Effectiveness is assessed at every close of annual or interim financial statements using:
– prospective tests, which justify the application of hedge accounting, since these prove the expected effectiveness of the hedge;
–
retrospective tests, which highlight the degree of hedge effectiveness reached in the period to which they refer. In other words, they measure to what extent results achieved differ from perfect hedging.If such assessments do not confirm hedge effectiveness, from that moment hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative is reclassified in instruments held for trading and the hedged item is measured on the basis of its classification in the balance sheet.