La correspondencia como un caso de conducta gobernada por reglas (Deacon y

Dangerous drug – is a drug whose use is attended by risk and therefore unsafe,

perilous and hazardous to people or to society.

Prohibited drugs:

1. Opium and its active components and derivatives, such as heroin, morphine

2. Coca leaf and its derivatives; cocaine

3. Alpha and beta eucaine, hallucinogenic drugs; LSD 4. Indian hemp and its derivatives

5. Other drugs whether natural or synthetic with the physiological effect of narcotic drug.

6. Methampetamine - shabu

Regulated drug

1. Self-inducing sedatives such as secobarbital. Phenobarbs 2. Any salt of an isomer of Amphetamine like benzidrine 3. Hypnotic drugs such as mmethaqualone

Identification of some dangerous drugs: Color test

1. Opium and its derivatives together with amphetamine – Marquis test 2. Barbiturates – Dillie Koppanyi test, Zwikkers test

3. Marijuana – Duquenois-Levine test 4. LSD – Van Urk test

ALCOHOLISM

Ethyl alcohol – Ethanol or grain alcohol said felony.to commit - Used as solvents, antiseptics, beverage

Alcoholic beverages – mixture of water and ethyl alcohol

• Congeners : substances simultaneously produced during fermentation, odor of alcohol.

Drunkard – a person who habitually uses any intoxicating alcohol liquor.

Habitual drunkard – one who excessively uses intoxicating drink.

Provisions of Law regarding alcoholism:

1. INTOXICATION IS AN ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCE TO CRIMINAL LIABILITY Art. 15, RPC

- Mitigating circumstance : offender committed a felony in a state of intoxication, if not habitual or subsequent to the plan to commit said felony.

- Aggravating circumstance : if intoxication is habitual

= if intoxication is subsequent to the plan to commit felony.

2. PUBLIC SCANDAL COMMITTED BY A PERSON WHILE DRUNK IS PUNISHABLE Art. 155, RPC

- Any person while intoxicated or otherwise shall cause any disturbance Or scandal in public places.

3. CONTRACTS AGREED TO IN A STATE OF DRUNKENESS ARE VOIDABLE Art. 1328, Civil Code

4. THE LAW PENALIZING MANUFACTURE OF LIQUOR WITHOUT LICENSE IS VALID.

5. THE STATE MAY PRESENT SOME PEOPLE FROM DRINKING HIGHLY SPIRITED WINE.

Absorption and distribution of alcohol:

= Maximum period of absorption occurs 30 to 60 minutes after initial intake. = The optimum concentration of alcohol in beverages between 10 – 20% is the most rapidly absorbed.

= It is not the quantity of alcohol consumed that determines intoxication but the amount actually gets into the blood stream.

Ounces of BW x .68 x Blood alcohol conc. WIDMARK’S FORMULA= --- 0.8

Pharmacologic effects of alcohol: 1. Depresses the CNS

2. Acuity is progressively diminished to the point comparable to wearing dark glasses at night.

3. Hearing – decrease, talks louder, can’t hear the sound of horns. 4. Diminished sense of touch, burns fingers from cigarettes.

5. Decreases sense of taste, smell

6. Increase desire of sex – markedly impaired performance 7. Blunting of judgment, motor skills.

CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IN RELATION TO ALCOHOL LEVEL: BLOOD ALCOHOL CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

10 mg% Pleasant clearing of the head 20 mg% Physical feeling of well being

50 mg% Feels on top of the world, increase self confidence 100 mg% “ Under the influence” innocent not convicted = some mental confusion, drowsiness

150% All individuals are intoxicated, decrease performance 150-300 mg% All individuals lose muscular coordination

300% Stuporous

400% Anesthetic level, death level

Stages following alcohol ingestion:

1. Stage of excitement – few minutes after ingestion, feeling of well being 2. Stage of incoordination or confusion – blunting of perception

3. Stage of narcosis or coma – slow breathing, pupils dilatedother

Physical tests to determine drunkenness:

1. Rombergs test – standing straight with eyes closed, heels together for 1 min. 2. Stand straight with one foot ahead of the other

3. Sample of handwriting compared when he is free from alcohol 4. Walk to a corner and back

Conditions simulating alcohol intoxication: 1. Severe head injuries

2. Metabolic disorders, Diabetic pre-coma, Uremia

3. Neurologic conditions associated with ataxia, tremor, drowsiness 4. Effect of drug like insulin, barbs, antihistaminics, morphine

Presumptive limits of alcohol:

.05% alcohol or less in their blood – influenced by alcohol .05 - .10% = considered to be under the influence of alcohol .10% to .15% = presumption that the person is drunk

. 2% = intoxicated, staggering .5% = coma

The amount of alcohol in the breath is proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the blood.

Diseases associated with or as a complication of alcoholism – fatty liver, cirrhosis Delirium tremens – sudden withdrawal from alcohol may suffer a state of

excitement with hallucination.

Korsakow’s psychosis – a syndrome characterized by hallucination, dis- orientation , multiple neuritis, loss of memory of recent events.

Punch drunkenness – observed in boxers who develops a physical and mental condition due to rapid trauma.

***** Withdrawal of blood from a dead body cannot be a ground for civil damage.

***** There is no violation of constitutional privilege against self-

incrimination because the privilege applies only to testimonial compulsion and does not apply to the taking of physical evidence from an accused.

= Purely mechanical and it does not utilize the mental faculties of the subject.

Laboratory examination for alcoholism: 1. Analysis of blood – widely accepted 2. Analysis of breath

3. Analysis of urine

4. Analysis of body tissue

5. Analysis of saliva, perpiration, spinal fluid Objectives of alcohol examination:

1. For screening apparatus: Alcolyzer, Alcosensor

Methods used in alcohol detection:

1. Chemical method – oxides – chromate

2. Enzymatic method – coenzyme Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD) 3. Gas chromatographic method

4. Infra-red absorption method

To have an accurate determination as to the quantity of alcohol in a specimen, immediate examination must be done.

The longer the time interval between extraction and examination, the more it increases the alcohol contents of the sample.