4.1 En cuanto al pensamiento crítico
4.1.2 Desde los cortometrajes
Global communication M SD 2.73 1.86 2.87 1.95 2.71 2.00 2.92 1.80 2.69 1.95 2.93 1.82 t p -.49 .62 -.74 .46 .81 .42 Parent-adolescent activities M SD 5.63 4.05 5.63 3.95 5.89 4.15 5.38 3.81 4.98 3.65 6.31 4.18 t p -.01 .996 .86 .39 2.25* .03 Parental presence M SD 13.74 3.51 13.05 4.35 13.22 4.10 13.87 3.55 13.03 4.03 13.86 3.66 t p 1.12 .27 -1.13 .26 1.36 .18 Parent-family connectedness M SD 7.53 1.13 7.58 .91 7.67 .90 7.44 1.12 7.54 1.03 7.56 1.05
t p -.33 .74 1.49 .14 .09 .93 Condom attitudes M SD 68.59 6.38 68.62 6.79 67.63 6.53 69.27 6.71 69.25 5.91 67.92 7.23 t p -.03 .98 -1.70 .09 -1.35 .18 Sexual attitudes M SD 38.48 5.34 38.46 4.24 38.25 4.78 38.46 5.23 39.05 4.32 37.88 5.56 t p .04 .97 -.29 .77 -1.54 .13
Behavioral intentions for
safe sex M SD 78.47 10.99 73.47 14.80 73.32 12.06 79.93 13.24 76.63 11.65 75.84 14.74
t
p 2.56* .01 -3.59** <.001 -.39 .70 Unsafe sex behavior M
SD 3.63 17.22 13.55 45.87 11.19 42.54 4.67 14.94 12.84 46.63 3.93 13.55
t
p -1.81 .07 1.43 .15 1.66 .10
* Significant at α = .05 ** Significant at α = .01
Family structure. One-way ANOVAs were conducted in order to analyze the
differences between participants living with both natural parents (n=43), participants living with their mother only (n=59), and participants in other living situations (n=77) groups for predictor and outcome variables. No significant differences were found between groups for condom attitudes, F(2,173) = .43, p = .65, or sexual attitudes, F(2,172) = .62, p = .54. Statistically significant differences were found between groups for parent activities, F(2,170) = 9.33, p < .001 , and parental presence, F(2,159) = 6.97, p = .001. Participants living with both natural parents reported significantly more activities (M = 7.81, SD = 4.41) than those living with their mothers (M = 4.67, SD = 3.07) or in other living situations (M = 5.11, SD = 3.99). Likewise, participants living with both natural parents reported significantly more parental presence (M = 15.24, SD = 3.35) than those living with their mothers (M = 12.51, SD = 4.07) or in other living situations (M =
12.98, SD = 3.72). No significant differences were found between groups for global communication, F(2,170) = .882, p = .42, or parent-family connectedness, F(2,170) = 2.18, p = .12. For outcome variables, no significant differences were found for either behavioral intentions, F(2,171) = .55, p = .58, or unsafe sex behavior for the past eight months, F(2,170) = 2.29, p = .10.
Prior to constructing a regression equation, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between predictor variables and behavioral intentions. Condom attitudes and sexual attitudes were significantly correlated, r=.432, p < .001. Further, though significant associations were found between behavioral intentions and both condom attitudes, r=.315, p < .001, and sexual attitudes, r=.321, p < .001, neither was associated with unprotected sex behavior in the past eight months (condom attitudes: r = .002, p = .98; sexual attitudes: r = .0004, p = .996).
Global communication was significantly correlated with parent-adolescent activities, r = .215, p < .01, parental presence, r = .248, p < .01, and parent-family connectedness, r = .153, p = .04. Parent-adolescent activities was separately associated with parental presence, r = .412, p < .001, and parent-family connectedness, r = .287, p < .001. Parental presence and parent-family connectedness were also correlated, r = .206, p < .01. Parent presence was the only parental measure that correlated with both behavioral intentions, r = .212, p < .01, and unprotected sex behavior in the past eight months, r = .176, p = .02.
Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated and a linear regression analysis was conducted in order to determine whether behavioral intentions predicted unsafe sexual behavior. Behavioral intentions were not correlated with unprotected sexual
behavior in the previous eight months, r = -.005, p = .95. Further, behavioral intentions did not explain a significant proportion of the variance in unsafe sexual behavior, R2 = .13, adjusted R2 = .005, F(1,183) = .004, p = .95.
Two multiple regression analyses were conducted to predict behavioral intentions for having safe sex. One analysis included the two attitude variables as predictors
(condom attitudes and sexual attitudes), while the second analysis included the four parenting variables (global communication, parent-family connectedness, parental presence, and parent-adolescent activity participation). The regression equation with attitude measures predicted a significant percentage of the variance in behavioral
intentions, R2 = .13, adjusted R2 = .12, F(2,167) = 12.45, p < .001. It was found that both condom attitudes, β = .20, p = .01, and sexual attitudes, β = .22, p = .006, significantly predicted behavioral intentions. The regression equation with parenting measures was also significant, R2 = .09, adjusted R2 = .07, F(4,165) = 4.13, p = .003. Within the parenting regression equation, parental presence (β = .27, p = .002) and parent-family connectedness (β = -.18, p = .02) were significant.
Next, multiple regression analyses were conducted in order to examine the degree that parenting and attitude variables predicted unprotected sex behavior for the previous eight months. The regression equation with parenting variables predicting sex behavior was not significant, R2 = .04 adjusted R2 = .01, F(4,165) = 1.60, p = .18. Likewise, condom attitudes and sexual attitudes did not predict a significant percent of the variance in sex behavior, R2 = .00001, adjusted R2 = -01, F(2,181) = .002, p = .998.
A hierarchical multiple regression was then conducted in order to analyze whether the relationships between attitude variables and parenting variables and outcomes
changed when controlling for demographic factors including age, gender, race, and family structure in the study. Demographic variables were run in a separate block in order to examine the effect of control variables on outcomes, subsequently, predictor variables were added in to the analysis. The regression indicated that demographic factors in the study accounted for 10% of the variance, R2 = .10, F(4,166) = 4.61, p = .001. After controlling for age, gender, race, and family structure, attitude variables accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in behavioral intentions, R2 change = .11, F(2,164) = 11.82, p < .001. Results of the analysis for unprotected sex behavior during the past eight months found that demographic variables explained a significant percent of the variance, R2 = .06, F(4,164) = 2.81, p = .03. However, after controlling for age, gender, race, and family structure, attitudes about sex did not significantly explain a higher proportion of the variance in behavior, R2 change = .00005, F(2,162) = .013, p = .987.
For parenting variables and behavioral intentions, the results of the analysis indicated that control variables accounted for a significant amount of variability, R2 = .10, F(4,152) = 4.20, p = .003. However, the four parenting variables did not account for a significant proportion of the behavioral intention variance after controlling for the effects of age, gender, race, and family structure, R2 change = .05, F(4,148) = 2.39, p = .05. For unprotected sex behavior in the previous eight months, control variables accounted for approximately 6% of the variance, R2 = .06, F(4,151) = 2.54, p = .04. After controlling for the effects of age, gender, race, and family structure in the study, parenting variables (global communication, parental presence, parent-family connectedness, and parent- adolescent activities) did not account for a significantly higher proportion of the variance in sex behavior, R2 change = .02, F(4,147) = .94, p = .44.
Finally, multiple regression analyses were conducted with all six predictor variables (two attitude and four parenting). The linear combination of the six variables explained 21% of the variance in behavioral intentions, R2 = .21, adjusted R2 = .19, F(6,163) = 7.45, p < .0001. Significant predictors included parental presence (β = .26, p = .001), parent-family connectedness (β = -.29, p = .01), condom attitudes (β = .23, p = .004), and sexual attitudes (β = .20, p = .01). The linear combination of the six variables did not explain a significant proportion of the variance in unprotected sex behavior, R2 = .04, adjusted R2 = .002, F(6,160) = 1.09, p = .40. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that age, gender, race, and family structure explained approximately 10% of the variance in behavioral intentions, R2 = .10, F(4,150) = 4.32, p = .002. After controlling for
demographics, parenting and attitude variables explained a statistically significant higher proportion of the variance in behavioral intentions, R2 change = .16, F(6,144) = 5.02, p < .001. For unprotected sex behavior in the previous eight months, control variables
accounted for 6% of the variance, R2 = .06, F(4,148) = 2.49, p = .046. After controlling for age, race, gender, and family structure, parenting and attitude variables did not account for a significantly higher proportion of the variance, R2 change = .03, F(6,142) = .68, p = .67.
Research Question 2: What is the relationship between neighborhood stress,
behavioral intentions, and risky sexual behavior among adolescents? When neighborhood stress is added to the model, do different attitude and parenting variables emerge as significant?