III. INTRODUCTION
3. CPEB-MEDIATED TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL
With the changes in society and technologies, some words
(vocabulary) fall into disuse and many more new words are added. In addition, some existing words take on new meanings. In recent years, many new Chinese words have appeared. The following is a selection from the reservoir of new words that accumulated in the 1990s and shortly beyond.
A ⠅⭫ àilia ˇ o healing with love
⠅㓓 àilü ` love and protect green space
⠅П㾦 àizhījia ˇ o love corner, match-making corner 㡒⒟⮙ àizībìng AIDS
2.6 New and recent words
ᅝФ⅏ ānlèsî ˇ euthanasia, mercy-killing
B ⱑ㡆⍜䌍 báisè xiāof èi funeral expenses
(funerals are referred to as “white event”);
also, spend money according to income ⱑా䷇ báizàoyīn white noise, a sound
that promotes sleep ᐂᖭ݀ৌ bāngmáng gōngsī home service
company
ֱ䰽㦰 ba ˇ oxia ˇ n cài safe vegetables, vegetables not sprayed with insecticides 㚠咥䫙 bēihēiguō to be a scapegoat
↨ሐᣖग़ bî ˇ jīní guàlì bikini calendar, calendar with pictures of bikini-clad women
⮙ऎ bìngqū geographic areas
with serious problems
C 䋶㒣ᇣ䇈 cáijīng xia ˇ oshuō novels whose main theme is fi nances and economy
३᠔ᑓਞ cèsuo ˇ gua ˇ nggào advertisments inside and outside public bathrooms
♦㙵 cha ˇ ogu ˇ speculate in stocks
♦剓剐 cha ˇ oyóuyú to fi re, to dismiss;
to be fi red, to be dismissed
ৗ佁ݰϮ chīf àn nóngyè traditional
agricultural activities which only produce grains
ৗᮻ chījiù one whose profession
is buying and selling used goods
ᣕवᮣ chíka ˇ zú those who possess credit cards 䌸㛮ᮄ䯏 chìjia ˇ o xīnwén “barefoot” news,
news that comes from real life
ᣕ㓁ݰϮ chíxù nóngyè sustainable agriculture ܙ⬉ chōngdiàn charge batteries;
recharge oneself by going back to school 㘾ᯢव cōngmingka ˇ “clever electronic”
card, debit card
֗䫔ᇣྤ cùxiāo xia ˇ ojie young women who promote sales
D ᠧⱘ da ˇ dī to take a taxi
䫙؎ dàguōzhài debts incurred from guaranteed lifelong work and the equal distribution system ᠧᎹ᭛ᄺ da ˇ gōng wénxúe literature on the
subject of short-term laborers
㘇ᴉ dà ěrduo satellite dish
હ dàgēdà cellular phone; also called “ᴎ sho ˇ ujī”
which is a more popular term now
㛮⬋Ҏ dàjia ˇ o nánren men who can take risks
ℒ dàkua ˇ n a very wealthy
person
ℒଚક dàkua ˇ n shāngpî ˇ n expensive goods which only the very rich can aff ord
㜩ܓ dàwànr big shot, celebrity, expert
㜩ӕϮ dàwàn qî ˇ yè solid and reputable enterprises
ऩ䑿⫼ક dānshēn yòngpî ˇ n items suitable for singles to use; small packages of frozen foods, small utensils, small furniture, etc.
ⱘ dī taxi, short for “ⱘ
dīshi, taxi”
ⱘᖿ令 dīshi kuàicān fast food originally designed for taxi drivers
ⱘ⠋ dīyé taxi driver
ഄ䪕ᑓਞ dìtiě gua ˇ nggào advertisements on subway trains and at subway stations
2.6 New and recent words
ѨѻϮ dìwu ˇ cha ˇ nyè the fi fth industry:
psychology and career development consulting services
ϔॼ᠓ dìyī chúfáng fi rst kitchen: the processing plant for partial or fully prepared foods
ϔ㗙 dìyīzhě a married person
who has a lover
⬉㑶 diànhóngniáng computer, television and telephone matchmakers
⬉䆱ᢰᑈ diànhuà bàinián wishing someone Happy New Year by telephone (traditionally done only in person)
⬉䆱ᘟ⠅ diànhuà liànài “love” by telephone
⬉䆱ᕟᏜ diànhuà lü ` shī “telephone lawyers,”
a service provided by some telephone companies
⬉䆱ଚഎ diànhuà shāngcha ˇ ng “telephone markets,”
shopping services via telephone
⬉䆱㧹䫔 diànhuà yíngxiāo telemarketing
⬉䆱䫔 diànhuà tuīxiāo telemarketing
⬉䆱䫊㸠 diànhuà yínháng telebanking
⬉㛥㤊佚 diànna ˇ o chágua ˇ n tea houses with computers, off ering shopping and consulting services
⬉㛥Ⳇ diànna ˇ ománg computer illiterate
⬉㛥ᮣ diànna ˇ ozú people who own and use personal computers at home
⬉㾚䫙 diànshì dàguō television satellite receiver
⬉㾚ଚഎ diànshì shāngcha ˇ ng info-mercial
⬉䚂 diànyóu e-mail, short for
⬉ᄤ䚂ӊdiànzî ˇ yóujiàn
⬉ᄤ䪅ࣙ diànzî ˇ qiánbāo “electronic wallet”:
credit card
⚍ᄤ݀ৌ dia ˇ nzi gōngsī services which give people ideas, provide information, design
advertisements, marketing, etc.
⚍ᄤҎ dia ˇ nzirén consultants who plan for industries
⚍ᄤᡩ䌘 dia ˇ nzi tóuzī investing in valuable ideas in industries
⬉ᕅ㤊ᑻ diànyî ˇ ng cházuò places where people can drink tea and watch movies at the same time
⬉ᕅҎ diànyî ˇ ngrén people who work in the movie industry ϕܟཛ dīngkè fūf ù DINK couple:
double income no kids
ԭӮ䆂 duōyú huìyì superfl uous meetings
E Ѡ㗕 èrla ˇ owài Chinese employees
who are hired by foreign companies in China and receive higher salaries and better benefi ts Ѡϔᆊᒁ èryī jiātíng families consisting of
two parents and one child
Ѡ㘠 èrzhí second job which
people take on in order to earn more money
F ᮍ֓㦰 f āngbiancài instant dishes in
pouches which can be cooked very quickly
ᮍ֓䴶 f āngbianmiàn instant noodles
᠓啘 fánglíng age of a house
ӓ⫳ᷥ fa ˇ ngshēngshù artifi cial trees for decoration
亲䅵ߦ f ēitiān jìhuà fl ying plan: a plan that involves inviting overseas Chinese scholars to China to develop projects G Ꮉॖᮙ␌ gōngcha ˇ ng lu ‥ˇ yóu factory tourism, touring factories as part of tourist industry
2.6 New and recent words
㙵⼼ᚙ㒾 gu ˇ piào qíngxü ` stock emotions, stress created by the changes in stocks
儐Ӌ guî ˇ jià extremely high
prices
䌉ᮣଚᑫ guìzú shāngdiàn nobility shops: shops with very expensive goods
䌉ᮣଚક guìzú shāngpî ˇ n merchandise of excellent quality and high price
᳝⾕㧹 guóyo ˇ u sīyíng industries owned by the state but managed by the private sector
䌘 guózī state-owned capital
H ⍋ᩦ ha ˇ isa ˇ funeral services
which spread the dead person’s ashes into the ocean
∝䇁ᯢ᯳ Hànyu ˇ míngxīng non-Chinese who become famous because they speak very good Chinese
ⶹ䞣 hánzhīliàng “knowledge
content,” referring to how learned a person is
咥䴶 hēimian the dark and ugly
side of society 咥Ѩ㉏ hēiwu ˇ lèi a processed health
food made of fi ve kinds of “black”
ingredients: 咥䈚 hēidòu, black soy beans; 咥㉇ hēimî ˇ , black rice; 咥㡱 咏 hēizhīma, black sesame seeds; 咥ᵒ ᄤ hēisōngzî ˇ , black pine seeds; and 咥 ࡴҥhēijiālún, black currants.
Note: “hēiwu ˇ lèi”
used to refer to landlords, rich
farmers, counter-revolutionaries, rightists, and
criminals, during the Cultural Revolution.
㑶㡆⍜䌍 hóngsè xiāof èi expenses using public funds. For example:
dining, dancing, gift-giving.
ᴎ hūjī a pager, a beeper
右ൟҎᠡ hòunia ˇ oxíng réncái high-tech specialists who come and go wherever projects need their skills
⦃ֱ huánba ˇ o environmental protection
⦃ֱৡ⠛ huánba ˇ o míngpiàn environmental business cards;
business cards with colored earth, ocean, seaweed, butterfl ies, etc. printed on them to call attention to environmental protection 㚵ৠ␌ hútòngryóu special tours for
tourists who ride in pedicabs and are driven through designated traditional alleys in Beijing
⦃থ huánf ā environment and
development
⦃๗䷇Ф huánjìng yīnyùe “background music”:
music broadcast in factories, shops, restaurants, etc.
咘䞥ḷ huángjīnda ˇ ng prime time on television
咘䞥ᬭ㚆 huángjīn jiàoyù valuable training for entrepreneurs and education for the staff
♄࣪ huīhuà greying or blurring
of distinctions, as between good and bad, moral and immoral, in society
2.6 New and recent words
⏋㸔䔺 hùnxuèchē “mixed blood cars”:
cars made with parts from diff erent countries
☿ huo ˇ zhāo most popular and most welcome ways of doing things
J ঢ়߽ো jílìhàor auspicious numbers,
such as 8888 which sounds like “f ā f ā f ā f ā” which means “having great prosperity”
ᴎ䆥 jīyì machine translation
ᡔᧈ jìyuán technical assistance
؛ଅ jia ˇ chàng lip-sync (singing) ᆊᒁߎ⾳ jiātíng chūzū a service which earns
money by providing a family or family-like atmosphere to lonely elders who have no family of their own
؛᮹䲚Ꮦ jiàrì jíshì markets held during holidays for shoppers’
convenience 䆆Ӌ݀ৌ jia ˇ ngjià gōngsī companies who
bargain on behalf of their clients
䕓ⱘ jiàodī sedan car type of
taxi, as opposed to “䴶ⱘ miàndī”
which is a van type of taxi
䗕ᮣ jiēsòngzú parents who deliver and pick up children from schools in cities
׳㛥 jièna ˇ o “borrowing brains”:
hiring, with very high pay, highly intelligent people from other regions 䞥ᴀԡ jīnběnwèi the concept that
money is the most important thing of all
䞥⚍ᄤ jīndia ˇ nzi especially good ideas
䞥㘇ᴉ jīn’ěrduo sharp ears
㒣⌢令 jīngjicān aff ordable, good meals
㒣Ⳇ jīngmáng people who have no
knowledge of market economy
㊒⼲ᖿ令 jīngshen kuàicān spiritual fast-food:
short reading
㊒⼲㊂ᑫ jīngshen liángdiàn “spiritual food store”: bookstores in rural areas
䜦㒣⌢ jiu ˇ jīngji economy based on marketing liquor Ꮌ᮴䴌 jùwúbà superlative things,
the best K वᢝok⮙ ka ˇ lā ok bìng sore throat from
singing too many karaoke songs व⠋ ka ˇ yé those who have the
authority to stop someone from doing anything whenever they want to
ӋᏖഎ ka ˇ njià shìcha ˇ ng markets where the buyers can bargain
᭛࣪ ka ˇ n wénhuà the common phenomenon of the Chinese chatting and talking about anything and everthing when they get together
ᒋሙԣᅙ kāngjūzhùzha ˇ i aff ordable housing in Beijing for low and mid-income earners
⾥ӕ kēqî ˇ technology industry
ଗ㗕 kěnla ˇ o young people who should have been independent but still depend on their parents
ぎᎶ䰊↉ kōngcháo jiēduàn empty-nest period in one’s life when all children have left home
2.6 New and recent words
ぎહ kōnggē male cabin personnel on airplanes
ぎྤ kōngjiě stewardess, short
for “ぎЁᇣྤ
kōngzhōng xia ˇ ojie”
ぎ႖ kōngsa ˇ o stewardesses who range from 30 to 35 years of age, and are married and have children
ぎⱑီ࿏ kòngbái hūnyīn a marriage on paper only. The purpose is for a foreigner to get permanent resident status.
ᘤ啭⮛ ko ˇ nglóng zhèng dinosaur-like organizations where there are too many employees and effi ciency is substandard
ぎЁ⼐⠽ kōngzhōng lî ˇ wù “cyber-space gifts”:
greetings or good wishes given to people with songs over radio or television
䝋 kù “cool”
(transliteration ) ℒ kua ˇ nniáng super-rich women ℒᮣ kua ˇ nzú very rich people
ೄ䲒݀ৌ kùnnán gōngsī consulting companies who help enterprises to solve problems in such things as capital, management, policy, and development
L 㪱䅵ߦ lántiān jìhuà blue sky plan:
environmental plans to keep the sky blue 㗕ᵓᏖഎ la ˇ oba ˇ n shìcha ˇ ng employment market,
job market
㗕 la ˇ odà mid-sized and large-sized state enterprises
㗕 la ˇ o’ōu a person from
Europe
㗕 la ˇ owài one who does not understand a particular profession;
used to refer to a foreigner since the 1970s.
⼐કᏖഎ lî ˇ pî ˇ n shìcha ˇ ng markets specializing in selling gift items БҎ㘠Ϯ lìrén zhíyè “beauty” profession:
models, promotion ladies, etc.
⼐Ҿᑓਞ lî ˇ yí gua ˇ nggào newspaper advertisements announcing
weddings, birthdays, etc.
⼐Ҿ⍜䌍 lî ˇ yí xiāof èi expenses for social and protocol activities
ᒝӋ᠓ liánjiàfáng aff ordable housing
ᒝଚ liánshāng ethical business
practice, ethical business person ϸኌϝഄ lia ˇ ng’àn sāndì three places on two
shores: mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan
ϸኌಯഄ lia ˇ ng’àn sìdì four places on two shores: mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan ϸФ lia ˇ nglè “two joys” or “two
colas,” referring to Coca Cola ৃষৃ
Фkěko ˇ ukělè and Pepsi Cola ⱒџৃФ
ba ˇ ishìkělè
ϸᴵ㝓߇ᄤ lia ˇ ngtiáotuî ˇ dèngzi two-legged chairs:
unstable careers, jobs, and wages ϸࠊᆊᒁ lia ˇ ngzhì jiātíng two-system family:
either husband or wife is from mainland China and the other one from Taiwan
⣢ᠡ liècái head-hunting, also
known as ⣢༈
liètóu
2.6 New and recent words
⬭ᅜ⬋ liúsho ˇ u nánshì husbands who stay home and take care of everything when their wives go abroad
⬭ᅜཇ liúsho ˇ u nu ‥ˇ shì wives who stay home and take care of everything when their husbands go abroad
⬭ᅜᄤཇ liúsho ˇ u zî ˇ nu ‥ˇ children whose parents went abroad and are taken care of by relatives
㓓ഄ݀ৌ lü ` dì gōngsī “green companies”:
companies who create green space in urban environments 㓓㡆⬉㛥 lü ` sè diànna ˇ o environmentally
sound computers, energy saving and easily recycleable 㓓㡆乒ᅶ lü ` sè gùkè customers with
strong environmental consciousness
㓓㡆ㅵ⧚ lü ` sè gua ˇ nlî ˇ green management:
management that takes environmental protection into consideration 㓓㡆⾥ᡔ lü ` sè kējì science and
technology which promote environmental protection and sustainable ecological balance
㓓㡆≑䔺 lü ` sè qìchē “green cars”:
environmentally sound, low-emission cars
㓓㡆亳ક lü ` sè shípî ˇ n “green food”:
unpolluted food, organic food
ᮙ␌ᄺд lu ‥ˇ yóu xuéxí tourism that involves some learning
M фऩ ma ˇ idān asking for the check
(at a restaurant)
фܼˈ ma ˇ i quánguó management policies and directions that promote buying पܼ mài quánguó selling and
distributing to the whole country, not just locally
㕢亳 měishí good food, delicious food
䗋ԴᏖഎ mínî ˇ shìcha ˇ ng mini-markets:
markets with stalls by the streets and in residential lanes
䴶ⱘ miàndī inexpensive, yellow
mini-van type of taxis ᯢ᯳ᑓਞ míngxīng gua ˇ nggào commercials or
advertisements with famous movie stars, singers, dancers, and sports fi gures promoting goods ᯢ᯳㸿 míngxīngshān T-shirts with pictures
of movie stars, singers, etc. on them
ᢳ䄺ᆳ móní jî ˇ ngchá virtual police: police statues placed at intersections
↡ජ mu ˇ chéng mother cities: cities around which satellite cities and development zones have developed
N 㛥ⷓ na ˇ okuàng brain mine: resource
base for talents and intelligence
㛥⇥ na ˇ omín people whose
work depends on using their brains (intelligence). This type of work is called “㛥Ϯna ˇ oyè.”
ݰℒ nóngdàkua ˇ n extremely rich farmers
ᓘ㙵 nònggu ˇ buy and sell stocks, play with stocks ݰџ⾬к nóngshì mìshū technical people
hired by farmers to
2.6 New and recent words
improve the products by employing new technology
P ⊵≿㒣⌢ pàomò jīngjì bubble economy
⊵≿ড়ৠ pàomò hétong bubble contract:
a contract which promises to supply more than one can produce in order to control the market
⊵≿к pàomò túshū bubble books: books which do not have substantial content or value but are published in great quantities
⊵≿᭛࣪ pàomò wénhuà bubble culture: a false, pretentious culture, such as the mass creation of low-quality cultural goods
⊵≿ᮄ䯏 pàomò xīnwén false news
䎥㝓݀ৌ pa ˇ otuî ˇ gōngsī service companies who will do chores of any kind for clients
䰾ѻ péicha ˇ n accompanying
childbirth: husband stands by his wife when she is giving birth
᤻⠋ pěngyé fl atterer,
brown-nose, apple polisher, bootlicker
䋿⊩ pínf a ˇ poor legal
knowledge, lacking legal concepts 䋿㗕 pínla ˇ o poor old-aged
people, particularly those without a spouse, old-age pension, or ability to work
⸈䪕᤻䞥 pòtiě pěngjīn break the “3 irons”
and hold “gold”;
3 irons: iron offi ce
chair, iron wage, iron rice bowl; gold:
gold rice bowl, particularly more work for more pay and a rich and comfortable life ᱂б pu ˇ jiu ˇ nine years of
compulsory public education
䫎䏃䌍 pūlùf èi money, “fee,” given to someone who will help to get things done
Q ଚᑫ qīyīyī shāngdiàn 7-11 stores
䪅Ⳇ qiánmáng people who are
blinded by, and blindly worship, money
Ꮋܟᓣ qia ˇ okèlì shì the pampering way of bringing up children 䕏䔼Ѹ䗮 qīngguî ˇ jiāotōng light rail transit ӕϮҎ qî ˇ yèrén enterprise members
who have a solemn and proud air 䴦ড়ৠ qīngchūn hétong “youth contract”:
contracts between enterprises and their employees, where they agree that the employees only work for them when they are young
⏙੪ qīngkā black coff ee, with no cream or sugar ᚙᛳ֗䫔 qíngga ˇ n cùxiāo promotions which
appeal to buyers’
emotions for sales
R ⛁⚍ rèdia ˇ n “hot spots”: popular
spots or places
⛁⚍䆱乬 rèdia ˇ n huàtí hot conversation topics
Ҏᠡ╂ réncáicháo “brain tide”: qualifi ed people relocating for better jobs
2.6 New and recent words
ҎᠡᏖ réncái yèshì night job market ۦଚ ru ˇ shāng Confucian merchant:
a scholarly merchant 䕃ᑓਞ rua ˇ n gua ˇ nggào soft advertisement:
for example, through the props or words in movies
䕃䌘⑤ rua ˇ n zīyuán soft resource:
science, technology, information, etc.
䕃ㅵ⧚ rua ˇ n gua ˇ nlî ˇ “soft management”:
a management method where people are left alone to be proactive and creative
S ϝᏕ sānbì three kinds of
currency : Renminbi, Hong Kong dollar, and Taiwan dollar ϝពᕟᏜ sāndo ˇ ng lü ` shī lawyers who know
law, foreign language, and economics ϝ᳓݀ৌ sāntì gōngsī “three 4 U
company”: a service company who will do almost anything for the client for a fee
㡆Ⳇ䬰 sèmángjìng corrective lenses for color blindness ଚ⍋ shāngha ˇ i commodity market
which is as vast and changeable as an ocean
ଚᑓ shānggua ˇ ng commercial advertising or commercials
ଚк shāngshū books on economics
or commerce ଚট shāngyo ˇ u friends who do
business together Ϟ㢅⧁ shànghuābān “spotty work”: some
state government workers only go to their own workplace when they are not
working on the side elsewhere
ᇥ⢃ shàof àn juvenile delinquent
⍝३᠔ shèwài cèsuo ˇ good, clean washrooms for people from overseas
⍝㑶 shèwài hóngniáng matchmakers who try to fi nd foreign partners for Chinese
⫳ᗕ䘧ᖋ shēngtài dàodé ecological ethics:
regulations and norms which keep harmony between humans and the natural ecological environment
⫳ᗕᮙ␌ shēngtài lu ‥ˇ yóu eco-tourism
Ϫ䌌 shìmào WTO, World Trade
Organization, short for Ϫ⬠䌌ᯧ㒘㒛 shìjiè màoyì zu ˇ zhī
Ϫ䫊 shìyín World Bank, short
for Ϫ⬠䫊㸠shìjiè yínháng
ᴎ sho ˇ ujī cellular phone;
the older term is
“dàgēdà”
䇁Ꮦഎ sho ˇ uyu ˇ shìcha ˇ ng “sign language market,” where only hand signs are used for trade
ᇓ䰽 shòuxia ˇ n life insurance, short for Ҏᇓֱ䰽
rénshòu ba ˇ oxia ˇ n
к⇥ shūmín people who truly
love books
ঠӥ᮹ shuāngxiūrì both Saturday and Sunday off work ঠ䌶 shuāngyíng win–win situation or
strategy
∈䋻 shuî ˇ huò low quality, fake goods, as opposed to 㸠䋻hánghuò, genuine goods
∈⊹Ểᵫ shuî ˇ ní sēnlín concrete jungle: tall buildings in cities ಯড়䰶 sìhéyuànr conservative and
closed way of
2.6 New and recent words
thinking, like the traditional enclosed courtyard homes
⅏ѵီ࿏ sî ˇ wáng hūnyīn a marriage in which husband and wife still maintain the relationship although the marriage has broken down and they have no more feelings towards each other
ಯᇣ啭 sìxia ˇ olóng Four Little Dragons:
Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong
T 䏇ᵓီ࿏ tiàoba ˇ n hūnyīn a marriage without love, based purely on
achieving a certain goal
༈㛥݀ৌ tóuna ˇ o gōngsī “talent company”
which gathers engineering and technical talents and provides them to organizations
W ࿗࿗ᬭᥜ wáwa jiàoshòu “baby professors”:
very young professors 㔥৻ wa ˇ ngbā internet cafe
㔥㰿 wa ˇ ngchóng nethead, webaholic 㔥⇥ wa ˇ ngmín internet surfers
ೈ㺭Ϝ wéiqún zhàngfu husbands who take care of household work
ॅᴎㅵ⧚ wēijī gua ˇ nlî ˇ crisis management
᭛࣪令 wénhuà cān foods which have historical, folk, or other kinds of cultural meaning 䯂乬ᆊᒁ wèntí jiātíng dysfunctional family,
where husband and wife do not get along or are divorced ᮴ᑫ䫎䫔ଂ wúdiànpù xiāoshòu sales without shops:
direct sales
᮴ᄽᮣ wúháizú childless people
㟲⭫ wu ˇ lia ˇ o dancing as a way of healing, dance therapy
᮴⚳᷵ wúyānxiào non-smoking schools X 䰇Ꮦഎ xīyáng shìcha ˇ ng sunset market:
markets catering to older people ϟ⍋ xiàha ˇ i to quit one’s offi cial
job and go into private business ᖗ⭫ xīnlia ˇ o psychological healing,
psychotherapy
ֵᙃ䋽ᄤ xìnxī f ànzi one who sells information
ֵᙃ∵ᶧ xìnxī wūra ˇ n disturbance caused by inaccurate or mistaken information ᔶ䈵䫔 xíngxiàng tuīxiāo marketing of a
corporate, product, or personal image
Y ⋟ᠧᎹ yángda ˇ gōng foreigners who work
and earn wages in China
ϔϸࠊ yìguó lia ˇ ngzhì one country, two
ϔϸࠊ yìguó lia ˇ ngzhì one country, two