LA CRÍA DE TOROS DE LIDIA EN LA MESETA SUR La Sierra de Madrid

It is necessary to state that I do not argue that adopting an approach that utilises the CSAF will produce superior sports technology innovations for grassroots sports. I suggest that reflecting upon each dimension of the framework may assist designers in developing meaningful grassroots sports technology design concepts different from prevailing designs. I also acknowledge that technology designed to augment a sports activity will introduce a degree of change by definition; augmenting a sport implies adding something to modify the experience. I do not suggest that a compliant sports augmentation needs to ‘maximise’ all the criteria in the framework. However, I do argue that sports technology designs that implement a higher degree of ‘maximise’ criteria in more dimensions will produce a more compliant sports augmentation for casual grassroots sports.

Table 13 summarises the CSAF. Each of the twelve dimensions is an interrelated operator, and the criteria represent ends of a continuum. The aspects I suggest should be minimised, reflect the characteristics of current sports technology designs that prioritise evaluation and measurement, and intervene in spatiotemporal norms.

Table 13.

The Compliant Sports Augmentation Framework

COMPLIANT SPORTS AUGMENTATION FRAMEWORK

DIMENSIONS MINIMISE _CONTINUUM MAXIMISE

INTERNAL LOGIC

1 SPATIAL INTERVENTION CONSOLIDATION

2 TEMPORAL INTERRUPTION INTEGRATION

3 PRACTICAL ADDITION ENHANCEMENT

VALUES & NORMS

4 SOCIAL PERSONALISATION SOCIALISATION

5 CULTURAL EXTRANEOUS INHERENT

EUDAIMONIA

6 ATTITUDE OUTCOME PROCESS

7 GOAL EVALUATION CELEBRATION

8 GRATIFICATION DELAYED IMMEDIATE

9 CONTENT IMPRESSION EXPRESSION

10 INTERACTION SURVEILLANCE AGENCY

PUBLIC HEAL

TH 11 ACCESS RESTRICTED UNIVERSAL

Internal Logic

The spatial, temporal and practical dimensions of the CSAF concern the internal logic of sports. As noted in Section 3.3.2, the rules that establish dynamic relationships between structural and functional elements and players determine the internal logic of a sport. The CSAF advocates for maintaining the internal logic of grassroots sports by adopting Loland’s ‘thick theory of athletic performance’ ethical stance, which Loland associates with amateur sports ideologies (Loland, 2002).

1. Spatial

The spatial dimension encourages the design of sports technology that consolidates and enhances existing playspace structures—the flexible grassroots playspaces such as playgrounds and parks, streets and driveways, backyards and beaches etc. The CSAF discourages sports technology that may affect spatial play patterns by intervening within the boundaries of play. 2. Temporal

The CSAF promotes sports technology designs that avoid interrupting the temporality of play patterns. The temporal dimension prioritises integrating sports technology with the rhythms of a sport; designs that synchronise with play-action, play transitions and play breaks.

3. Practical

The practical dimension concerns sports equipment; the physical tools used by participants. The CSAF favours enhancing existing equipment in preference to adding new elements or introducing changes to equipment that contravene accepted norms. Accordingly, the practical dimension concerns access and equity.

Norms and Values

The social and cultural dimensions of the CSAF involve fostering social interaction—a primary motivation for participating in sport and physical activity (Allender et al., 2006).

4. Social

The CSAF discourages sports technology designs that rely on personal devices, such as smartphones. The social dimension encourages designing sports technology that creates inclusive social experiences, which promote, expand and support in-person social interactions, including intergenerational play.

5. Cultural

The cultural dimension urges designers to identify, utilise, incorporate, modify, appropriate etc. the practices integral to the broader culture of a sport. The CSAF advocates for sports technology designs that sports communities can connect to other things they value. As opposed to appropriating extraneous design tropes from other sports.

Eudaimonia

The attitude, goal, gratification, content and interaction dimensions of the CSAF specifically promote sports technology designed for deliberate play. They intentionally differentiate the characteristics of sports technology designed for deliberate practice from the design attributes

required to support Sicart’s notion of ‘designing for eudaimonia’. They also reflect Loland’s ‘thick theory of athletic performance’ by encouraging designers to respect, protect and cultivate the existing norms and values inherent to a grassroots sport (Loland, 2002).

6. Attitude

The attitude dimension calls for sports technology designs that focus on processes, not outcomes. This dimension encourages designers to design for eudaimonia by supporting the autonomy of sports participants. Particularly deliberate play participants and the variations of sports they organise, and the rules they negotiate for play.

7. Goal

The goal dimension encourages the design of sports technology that celebrates the aesthetics of grassroots sports and creates memorable experiences, as opposed to evaluating and comparing aspects of performance or monitoring achievements. Accordingly, the goal dimension focuses on enhancing the fun and joy inherent to deliberate play activities.

8. Gratification

The gratification dimension concerns the feedback sports technology provides to players and spectators and relates to the temporal dimension. The CSAF promotes designing technology that delivers immediate and unified feedback rather than delayed and isolated feedback.

9. Content

The CSAF prioritises sports technology designs that produce media content to amplify, mix and share subjective expressions, rather than capture, individuate and personalise objective impressions.

10. Interaction

The interaction dimension discourages using sports technology for surveillance—the use of sensors to capture, store and distribute personal data. The CSAF encourages benign interactive technology that affords agency through appropriation.

Public Health

The access and funding dimensions concern availability and provision. They introduce aspects of public health by acknowledging policy recommendations for encouraging participation in grassroots sports and increasing physical activity.

11. Access

The CSAF promotes the design of sports technology that can be shared and universally accessed. The access dimension advocates for the design of public infrastructure sports technology, in contrast to personal devices that restrict access.

12. Funding

The funding dimension urges designers to consider economic models that can subsidise the implementation and maintenance of sports technology that encourages participation and physical activity in community-based public settings. The CSAF promotes sports technology designs that minimise personal expenditure.

6.4 RESEARCH PROJECT LIMITATIONS

6.4.1 Urban Probe Research Impediments

Deploying each of the 2K-Reality urban probes in uncontrolled basketball playspaces was a challenging exercise. My experience concurs with Reeves, who recognises “the significant problems that are posed by studying technology in-action within public settings” (Reeves, 2011, p. 29). I faced logistical and practical issues, location access issues, environmental challenges, language barriers and data gathering difficulties.

Installing, maintaining, operating and observing the installation, while also monitoring the security and safety of the technology, severely limited the type and quality of data I collected. Studying the 2K-Reality intervention as a participant-observer was very informative; however, effectively documenting the experience for later analysis proved difficult. Although I made multiple efforts to gather data using different approaches, limited resources significantly constrained my ability to collect documentary feedback.

Organising a team of research assistants to help collect data was extremely beneficial, and I would recommend that other doctoral researchers do the same if conducting studies in public settings.

Table 14 summarises my urban probe evaluation approaches, which I discussed in Sections 4.2 to 4.5, and indicates their relative contribution to my interpretive evaluation of 2K-Reality. Table 14.

2K-Reality Urban Probe Evaluation Approaches

URBAN PROBE Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 Study 4

LOCATION RMIT UNIVERSITY A’BECKETT URBAN SQUARE SHIH CHIEN UNIVERSITY GYM XINSHENG ELEVATED ROAD ISEA2015 SFU WOODWARD’S ATRIUM 2K-REALITY SYSTEM _PrototypeRapid _PrototypeRapid _PrototypeRapid Exhibition_Prototype

APPROACH 1