CAPÍTULO VII TARIFAS Y COBRANZA
DE LA CREACIÓN DEL PROGRAMA Y LA TASA POR SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES Art 35 Antecedentes.
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content
3.1 Parasites
3.1.1 External parasites 3.1.2 Endo parasites of pigs 3.2 Infectious diseases
3.3 Non Infectious diseases 4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment.
7.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Once disease affects a pig herd the impact on the economics of pig production in terms of the cost of control and decreased productivity can be enormous. The first priority must therefore always be to try to prevent the occurrence of disease. Thus many of the management procedures are aimed at disease prevention or at mitigating the effects of those diseases that cannot be prevented. With skilled management, combined with well-designed housing and sound nutrition, an overall strategy to minimize the possibility of disease attack can be formulated.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
• know the meaning of parasites their causative agents, mode of transmission, signs,
• and control measures of swine parasites.
• understand the common bacterial and viral diseases of swine, their causative agents,
• mode of transmission, signs, and control measures
• give examples of non specific diseases of swine.
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3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Parasites
Parasites are defined as organisms which live on and obtain food from the body of another, known as the host. They may live on the exterior of the pig, when they are known as external parasites, or within the internal tissues and organs when they are known as internal parasites. Parasites will seldom result in the death of the host except in the case of massive infestations or if the host is also stressed in other ways.
3.1.1 External parasites
These mainly cause irritation to the skin surface, often leading to wounds and an increased susceptibility to other infections. The most common external parasites are mange-mites, ticks, lice, fleas and flies.
Table 5.1 showing some ectoparastes of pigs Name
1)Mange-mites
2) Ticks 3) Lice and fleas
Means of Transmission
Direct contact
Tick bite require more than one host to complete life cycle Direct contact
causative Organism Sarcoptes scabiei
Tick spp Lice and fleas species
Signs
Crusty, dry looking skin around the eyes, ears &
snout, skin is swollen &
inflamed pig constantly rubbing itself
&
performance depressed.
Transmit Babesiosis, and other tick borne
diseases.
(fever, emaciation depressed performance etc.
Irritation, anaemia
control Regular treatment either
dipping or spraying with anti mange medication.
Spraying of pens.
Chronic cases to be culled.
By spraying and dipping with
suitable acaricides
Spraying of pigs and pig quarters with suitable insecticides
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3.1.2 Endo parasites of pigs
Table 5.2 shows some endoparasites of pigs Name
and features 1) Round worms Live in the small intestines can grow up to 300 mm long and 6 mm thick.
Capable of laying thousands of eggs per day
Means of transmission Ingestion of Contaminated feed and water by infected eggs from dung of infected pig
Causative agent Ascaris lumbricides
Signs Larvae migrate through liver
& lung.
Irritation in lungs causes coughing &
ill-thrift in young pigs.
Liver damage can lead to condemnation at slaughter.
Heavy
infection can
lead to
obstruction of Small
intestines, weakness, weight loss
Control
By breaking the life cycle i.e.
regularly
moving range pigs on to fresh grounds.
Frequent
removal of faeces in housed pigs. Breeding pigs should be routinely dosed with broad spectrum
anthelminthics and young stock dosed after weaning.
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Name and features
Means of transmission
Causative agent
Signs Control
2)
Tapeworms Pig is the intermediate host and the adult worm live in man
Ingestion of Contaminated feed and water by infected eggs from dung of infected humans
Taena solium
Lavae encyst in the pig’s muscle particularly the heart and tongue.
Pork meat are
condemned at slaughter
By
preventing pigs access to human faeces.
Regular deworming is helpful.
3.2 Infectious Diseases
Table 5.3 infectious diseases of pig
Name Mode of
trans mission
General character Preventive measures
1) Africa swine fever (ASF) is a viral infection There was an epidemic in Nigeria in 1999--2000
By direct and indirect contact, inhalation, ingestion ticks at as vectors.
Feeding infected un boiled swill, carrier
animals, contaminated vehicles e.t.c.
are very important in transmission
Loss of appetite, pigs hurdling together, small purplish blotches on the skin, in coordination and laboured breathing.
Prevent direct contact between domestic and wild pigs. No vaccine, no treatment.
Strict prevention of movement of pigs, personal and vehicles between pig farms.
Do not feed pigs with uncooked garbage from hotel this may contain the virus. In case of outbreak of ASF , bury or burn the carcasses, disinfect house with strong disinfectants.
Rest the house for three months.
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Name Mode of trans mission
General character
Preventive measures 2) Foot-and
mouth disease Most
contagious of all known viral diseases.
The virus is carried by buffalo.
Infection can
occur by
feeding infected bones or cooked meat.
Causes blisters on the feet, snout, udder and the mouth.
Is painful to the pig, which cannot eat and often has to be destroyed.
There is no
cure. If
outbreak occurs in nearby farms, pigs can be vaccinated.
vaccinate with the right virus
3) Erysipelas Is caused by a bacterium that lies in the soil
By animal
contact or is picked up from the soil.
Stages are acute, sub acute and chronic.
Acute form sudden death is common, marked constipation, reddish/purplish discoloration of
the ears,
abdomen and legs. Chronic form can lead to chronic
arthritis,
swollen joints and stiffness
and heart
damage.
Treatment is effective with right antibiotics and should be timely.
Excellent vaccines are available.
Routine vaccination programme is recommended to prevent infection.
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Name Mode of trans mission
General character
Preventive measures 4) Anthrax
Is an acute, and often fatal bacterial
disease which often cause mortality in humans.
By contact with anthrax
carcasses or by
spores in
contaminated food or pasture.
Two main types of signs exist.
A swelling in the back region which causes difficulty in breathing or sudden death with blood oozing from the body orifices
There is
effective
vaccine against the disease If the disease is suspected carcass should not be open as this releases infective
spores. Infected carcass should be buried at sufficient depth to prevent transmission of the spores.
3.3 Non -specific diseases
These include abscesses, gastric ulcers, intestinal haemorrhage syndrome SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
1a) What are parasites?
b) Give 3 examples of ecto and endo parasites of pigs.
4.0 CONCLUSION
The impact of a disease in a pig herd, in terms of the cost of control and decreased productivity can be enormous, the first priority must therefore always be to try to prevent the occurrence of disease. Thus many of the management procedures are aimed at disease prevention or at mitigating the effects of those diseases that cannot be prevented.
5.0 SUMMARY
Parasites are defined as organisms which live on and obtain food from the body of another, known as the host. They may live on the exterior of the pig, when they are known as external parasites (ecto parasites) or within the internal tissues and organs when they are known as internal parasites (endo parasites). Parasites will seldom result in the death of the host except in the case of massive infestations or if the host is also stressed in other ways.
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Examples of ecto-parasites include mange-mites, ticks, lice, fleas and flies.
• While examples of endo parasites include round worms and tape worms.
• Examples of infectious diseases of viral origin include African swine fever and Foot-and mouth disease. Examples of infectious diseases of bacterial origin include
• Swine erysipelas and Anthrax disease. Examples of non infectious diseases include
• Abscesses and Gastric ulcers.
6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1) Discuss Mange-mites, Round worms, African swine fever, Swine erysipelas under the following headings:
i) Causative agent and Mode of transmission ii) General character and signs
iii) Control and prevention
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
Adi, M. A. (1994) Sheep, Goat and Swine production in Nigeria
Holness, D.H., Smith, A.J. and Coste, R. (1991) Pigs The Tropical Agriculturalist (CTA) Macmillan
McDonald, I. and Low, J. (1985) Livestock rearing in the tropics Macmillan education Ltd.
Williamson, G. and Paye, W. J. A. (1987) An introduction to Animal husbandry in the tropics.
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UNIT 6 SWINE PROCESSING AND MARKETING