La criticidad en el ámbito emocional

The literature analysis was conducted in a systematic way as a tool to build a model of pilot/co-pilot fatigue in the context of short-haul operations. It does not conform to the standard criteria of a systematic review, which would include critical comparison and discussion of methodologies used in studies on a certain topic. It will not synthesize the findings and assess the overall quality of the body of evidence, as would the classical approach (Garg et al., 2008). It will also not appraise the reliability and validity of the studies included in the literature analysis (ten Ham-Baloyi and Jordan, 2016). This analysis therefore consisted of a narrative/descriptive review of the relevant literature, which is considered to be a comprehensive and unbiased method of achieving an overview of relevant information on a specific topic (Garg et

al., 2008). The method also helps to place collected information into perspective within

the framework of the topic at hand (Green et al., 2006). The information gained from this exercise was analysed in accordance with the work system model of Smith and Carayon-Sainfort (1989).

3.3.1 The search and selection strategy

Sources for use in the literature analysis were selected by searching several databases and using relevant internet search engines and research-focussed social networking sites to locate and retrieve scientific journal articles, books, legislation and reports pertaining to the topic. Databases/tools used included Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Rhodes University Library, Science Direct, PubMed, Jstor, Academia and SCOPUS. The searches were conducted between February 2017 and September

PHASES EXPLANATION SECTIONS

1: Literature Analysis The literature analysis was based on existing literature dealing mainly with international data. It has been used to distil the current state of knowledge about the work system of short-haul pilot/co-pilots and the various factors contributing to pilot/co-pilot fatigue in this operational context.

Section 3.3

2: Expert Interviews Experts on South African aviation and on pilot fatigue were interviewed to supplement the findings of the literature analysis. Most importantly, these interviews provided reliable local insight into the South African aviation industry in general, and the issues of pilot/co-pilot fatigue in particular.

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2018, with no publication date restrictions imposed. In the case of the Science Direct and SCOPUS databases the ‘advanced search’ option was selected. The remaining databases were searched in their entirety for relevant open access journal articles. The search strategy included a combination of keywords and phrases listed in Table 2. The search applied ‘Boolean Operators’ (AND and OR) to form different combinations of the search phrases in which the keywords were used interchangeably. Table 2: The combination of keywords and phrases used to search each database.

Fatigue OR Workload Aviation Industry OR Short-haul operations Pilots OR Co-pilots OR Aircrew Individual factors OR Non-work-related factors OR

Technology and tools OR

Environmental factors OR

Tasks related factors OR

Organisational factors OR

Work system components

After removal of duplicates, potential articles were assessed using a two-phase screening process before being downloaded, and then were assessed in greater detail for eligibility before finally being selected or rejected. The first phase of screening checked the relevance of the article title to the topic under review. The second phase involved screening of the abstract, and for articles that passed these first two screening stages the full text was read and used as the basis for final selection or exclusion. Table 3 shows the inclusion/exclusion criteria used to choose the final selection of sources for the literature analysis. For the inclusion criteria, one of the concepts needed to be present for selection.

AND AND

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Table 3: Inclusion and exclusion guidelines used during the screening process. Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria

➢ Peer-reviewed publications, books, reports, website articles and conference papers

➢ Short-haul operations (regional/commercial) ➢ Workload

➢ Fatigue ➢ Pilots

➢ Short-haul pilots/co-pilots ➢ Human factors in short-haul ➢ Work system components

➢ Any papers that did not focus on aviation (the search process returned a number of papers which focused on workload and/or fatigue in other modes of

transportation, in particular driving. These were excluded) ➢ Any papers that focused on long-

haul or ultra-long-haul operation

Keyword searches of the online databases returned 13729 matching journal articles, of which 3529 were selected on the basis of their title. This number was reduced to 200 after abstract screening, and 123 of these were downloaded. After assessment of the full text in conjunction with the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 98 articles were selected for the literature analysis. Figure 3 summarises and quantifies the screening process.

Figure 3: Summary of the screening process for selection of journal articles for the literature analysis.

37 3.3.2 Procedure of literature analysis

The literature analysis involved examining the ecology of the work of short-haul pilot/co-pilots based on the work system model of Smith and Carayon-Sainfort (1989), then later exploring the issues of pilot work and fatigue in light of the relationships in the developed model. Table 4 explains the process in detail.

Table 4: The four steps followed during the process of literature analysis.

Steps Explanation

1: An analysis of the work of pilots/co-

pilots in short-haul operations

This step involved analysing the work of pilots and the context in which they work, based on existing literature retrieved from the screening process. This was done by exploring the functional and physical structure of the pilot work system, and the relationships between functions and dependent entities in such systems. The work system model adapted from Smith and Carayon-Sainfort (1989) was utilised as the framework for analysing the ecology of pilot work. The model partitions a system into five components, namely the person, physical environment, organisation, task, and tools and technology.

2: Identification of the factors contributing

to pilot/co-pilot fatigue in short-haul operations

Based on the model developed in the previous step, an analysis of all the interactions between the person and the work system components was performed. These interactions were interrogated for their relevance to pilot fatigue to identify the factors contributing to these phenomena. Thus, a preliminary work system map/diagram was assembled.

3: Abstraction hierarchy approach This step involved removal of factors from the work system map that were not considered to be major contributors to workload and fatigue experienced by pilots. This was done to reduce the work system map to the set of key characteristics and relationships that are the most important determinants of workload and fatigue.

4: Quantification of the main findings

identified in step 3

The main factors contributing to workload and fatigue identified in Step 3 (above) were analysed in detail. A graphic representation of these factors was thus developed for the short-haul context, which was structured according to the work system model components. A detailed theoretical description and explanation of the main findings awaits the Results chapter.

3.4 Expert Interviews