En este caso, ¿cuál crees que sería el indicador que mejor represente los datos, la media o la moda? ¡Justifica tu respuesta!

(2) pM and NM units; some of these (but not all) are, like the units in (l) above, already obligatory by this time.

2.33

Xc5you piv xoinadpevoc... *

9.93.4 Tpv xcoXXodc piv

paxapietv av^ptoxuv eyovTa.

1.36.3,xal TaUTcS oi vuv p^Xei, 60.2 et PouXoit6 ot...exeiv..., K1.1 ou pouXdpevc5c~ot yev£a$ai..., 61.1 oia 6e Ttaldwv t£ ot

uxapxdvwv..., 85.2 n 6e IIu^Cxj ot eixe...‘ 9.5*2 site xal TauTd ot e<£v<5ave, 33.1 cvc <5e apa ttcSvtec oi etetc^x^to. .., 37.4 ou pdvTOi ec YE t£Xoc ot..., 64.2 wv 6e xaTdxep-9-d ot xpoyd- vwv..., 109.2 6 xl podXeTal ot yev^a-9-ai...

1.31.2 ext t?Jc apd£nc acpi wx^E^o..., 61.4 xal ixdvTa acpi e£-

7[pTUTO..., 61.4 xal Nd£ic5c acpi avr)p axiypdvoc-.., 66.2 h

IIu$Ct) acpi XP?*«‘ ( = 67.2), 82.7 ppd^ zac, yuvaixdc acpi^xpoao- cpop/jaeiv, 89.3 xal ad t£ acpi oux aKey^TiaEai... • 9.8.2 oxi 6

Ia-O-pdc ami etete Cx^oto. • •» 41.2 ev$a oit<5v t£ acpi t eaevi'iveT’X” $ai..., 49.3 axo tou xoTapou yc£p acpi..., 89.2 ei e$£Xei ocpi... eixetv .

K5.4 xa xoXXa auxSv apixpa y£yove, 9.3 xaTa vc3tou te auTpc ydvia, 13.2 xal ot (3aaiXdec auT&v‘ 9.15.2 ou ti xaTa e$oc au- tG5v..., 22.2 t<5v te 6p ikxov auToO..., 39.2 Ta Xoixa auwv r)~ Xauvov,.., 46.2 xai Tpv pdxhv auT&v..., 58.1 xat touc a6eX- epeouc auTou..., 67 coots Tpipxdaioi auTOv...exeaov, 86.1 ev xpc^TOiai 6e auTwv..., 86.2 tt^v te yfjv auTcov ETapvov..., 87.1 rj hpdac auToiai xapad&TE, 89.3 xai o arpaToc auTou..., 90.3 tc£c te yap vdac auTtov..., 90.3 Ph 6<5Xcp aurouc xpodyoiEV...,

113.2 xai touc _{xaidac auTou, 119.2 xal} tov _{xai6a auTou.}

2.37.2 oute Tiva SeiXlpv poi xapiSajv...’ 9.16.2 exe£„vuv opo- TpdxeCdc t£ poi...eydveo, 101.1 wc xal xp6Tep<5v poi eiprycai. 1.45.2 aXXoc $eu5v nod tic , 58 and apixpou teOj 68.4(xaTa toic5v~ 7>e ti, 73.4 xal atel^Ti cpepdvTiov... ‘ _g.3.1 aXXcf ot 6eiv<5c tic ev^OTaxTO ipepoc# 6 cvc xal uuto£ Tiva aXetnphv eup^aovTai, ,93*1 ex $eoxpoxlou tiv<5c> 106.1 xat -Orioaupodc Tivac xpripdwv eupov, 116.3 iva xa C tic p^^h•••

For those of the above units which are probably obliga­ tory, see Rules XVIII -XXIII, pp.2.1.43- ff. Expressions of the form article-noun- auTou (fourth paragraph under (2) above) are accepted as Formulaic (p.3*4.3)# but the unit-formations are quite sufficient to account for deferment above.

(3) Units of the (p)MM type. 2*62.1 ev 6e TodTcp t$

X co

t u aTpaToxeSeuopdvoiai.,.’ 9.101.2

Xp<5v(|) ou xoXX5) ocpi uarepov 6ffXa...eydveTo, 101.3 awTppTrjc e^~ vexd acpi.

1.1.49

On (5) above, the few instances are confined to crept and av' in IX.101.2, the unit has not extended, as we might have expected, to include ucrxepov* contrast IX. 101.5 wc, p6vxot rj xXt)6wv aurr) crept... with 1.61.4 xal Nd£td<; crept dvno... in

(2); emphasis on the word preceding the postpositive is per­ haps relevant (cf. p.l.l.4-5)» but observe that prepositival unit-formation to some extent becomes obligatory and certainly outnumbers MM unit-formation.

(4) Acceptable colon-formations. J.. 11.3 pexa 66/ tx6xeue/

t pd ptv...ev66etv, 82.8

xdv 6£ eva \6youert.. ,/auxou ptv ev xffcrt Oup^at xaxaxpdcrctcr-frat ewuxdv' 9.112 xat... exxapouaa/ ec; otxdv ptv axox6pxet...

JL3.1 .. .\6youcrt... * A\6£av6pov.. .axr|xoe5xa.. ./e-fre\?icraC ot...ye- v6a-frat..., 32.6 xauxa 6e/ rj euxuxCn ot axepdxet, 55.3 xou£ 6e... 6uvaxwxdxou<;/ cruvepodXeudv ot e£eupe5vxa ep£\ouc; xpoer-fr6cr-frat, 79.1 ...euptaxe/ x^fjypa ot etvat..., 81 Kpotcroe; 6e/ 6gx6wv ot Xpdvov ext paxpov ecrecrOat...., 91.1 xat ecrye xtjv. . .xtpfjv/ ou- 66v ot xpoo^xovaav* J9.94.1 xaxr]p6vou Eurivfou.../ eX-frdvxe^ ot xap££ovxo..< '

J..3.2 o)£ ou 6<5vxee;.../ pouXofaxd crept... 6£xa<; yCvecr-fraL , 22.4 pexa 66/ r| xe 6ta\\ayd crept..., J7.1 ou epap6vou 6e xoft KpoCcrou/ xbv xatdd amt x6pepetv..., 73.3 wcrxe 6e jept xoXXoU xoteupevoc auxodc/ xatode; crept xap66wxe...' 9.7.1 apa 66/ xd xetyc5<; aept... eudX^tc eXdppave, 35.1 auyywpTiadvxwv.. .xSov Ixapxtrjx6wv/ outgo 6Y)/ xdvxe crept pavxeudpevoe; dy&va^..., 98.2 xat ou6etc/ eepafvexd crept exavaydpevoc... , 101.2 yeyov6vat 6e vfxrjv xdv... ’EXX^vwv/ op-frw^ crept n ep^pr) auv6(3atve eX^ouaa, 104 xat x6Xo^/ auxot crept eyCvovxo...xoXeptwxaxot, 111.1 oxl exxuyrlaat xdv ypr)CCovxa/ ou crept 6uvaxe5v eerxt...

1.5.2 ouxw 6*6)/ e$eXovxT]v auxpv.. .eruvexxXwcrat, 62.2 exeCxe 6e "exd^ovxo/ ex xou Mapa-frwvoe auxov nope deer-frat...' 9.33.4 ...xept

xoXXoU xoteup6vou^ Ixapxt^xa^/ ep£Xov auxov xpoa-fr6a-frat...

J..30.2 vdv wv/ tpepoc/ exe tp6c-frat pot..., 37.2 vftv 66/ expepo- x6pu)v pe xodxwv axoxX-nCaa<; eyetc;..., 37.2 vdv xe/x6otdf pe ypr) oppaat f epotx6ovxa epafvea-frat,..; 35.3 xe edv xat xd-frev... r)xwv/ ex£axt<5< pot ey6veo; 41.2 omeCXet^ y^p/ epou xppxotdcravxoe;

•. ./xpdcrTotert pe apetpecr-frat. 9.79.1 epa^/ apetve5v pe axodeea-frat, 111.3 xeXedwv jxe yuvatxa.../ xadxpv pe xeXeuet^ pex6vxa...,

120.3 vdv wv/ axotvd pot xe£6e e-fr6Xw extfretvat.

1.42.1 aXXwe pev/ eywy^. av oux r)ta...‘ .9.27.4 xat yap av... "edvxec/wuxot/ vuv av etev..., 27.4 xat x<5xe edvxe^ epXaupot/

vuv av etev..., 51.2 vr^aoc 6e/ ouxw av etr}..., 94.2 .. .exVj- poXoc yevdpevo^/ xou Xotxou av...etvat, 99.3 xo^ert xat xaxe6<5- xeov/ veoypov a v xt xot6etv...

1.2.1 i^exa xauxa/ 'EXVjvwv tiv6c (...) qoaoi... apndoai... , T7.3 au$ic 6e/ exeCvwv epyaCop£vwv/ eyoi ti xai oCveo^ai...,

19.1 ... epxipxpap^vou.../ auvriveCx&h ti xoidvde yev^o^ai... , 51.4 ex^ypacpE 6e/twv ti<; AeXcpwv..., 59.4 e6£et<5 te tou _di’jpou/ cpu\axTK xivdc.. .xupfjaai, 61.2 tov _{de/ deivdv xi^eoxe..., 71.2} xapaaxeuaCopevou de.../ twv ti^ Aud53v... , 84.4 idwv xfi xpoxe- pat'y/ tG5v Tiva Audwv...xaxaptfvxa, ,.85.5 pie yap/ xG5v tic Ilep- oOv...* '.2.16.3 .. .otpeai/oA/you Tivdc;f>xp6vou dieX-O-dvxoc/ oXiyouc Tivac tou£ xepiyevop^vouc, 60.5 ei 6 apa.. .xaxaXeXdpr)xe/ addv- ax<5v ti xoi£eiv, 99.5 toioi xai xaTeddxeov/ veoxpov av t 1 xoi^eiv...

In (4) above, second paragraph, o<pi in IX.98.2 seems to ’belong1 to the participle. Pendent participial construc­ tions have been treated as separate clauses, so that IX.108.1

...xp^ooei tov ydpov.../ dox£wv auxf]v p2\\ov \dpcpea$ai... has been omitted; nevetheless the separateness of such a clause seems due to the same forces as colon-formation, and in many­ cases it is possible to imagine a rearrangement of words in which the postpositive would be peninitial in the sentence as a whole; often however a pronoun refers to something first mentioned in the course of the sentence itself. Similarly

1.68.2 rj xou av, 5 £eTve Atfxwv, eixep eidec.../xdpTa av eOuipa- Cec has been omitted on the ground that the postpositive is peninitial in the apodotic clause and ’cannot' appear earlier. In the last paragraph, tQv tic... (abnormal in Attic) may be du£ to formulaism; cf. Rule VII, p.2.2.10.

(5) Colon-formation 4- non-obligatory unit-formation.

J..55.3 xpo\£youoai KpoCaw.../ (peydXrjv apyilv) piv xaTaXuaeiv' J..2.1 xauxa pev^dp/ (10a xpoc tc^cc) ayi yev£a$ai, 2-93.3 auxCxa pexa xaUxa/ (outs xpdpaTdjocpi etixte...* j.,29.2

auToi y&p/ (oux olo£ te rjoav) auxo iroifjcai.

(6) Formulaism is present, but some other influence, also present, may be the ’cause’ of deferment.

J_.29.1 (me sxaoxoc) auTwv axixv^oixo...,.31.2 edee xdvxmc/xny priTfpa auTwv...xopio^pvai, 31.4 at de ’Apyeiai/ xpv ppx^pa au- xuiv, 54.2 }xai e^eivai Tty BouXppdvtp) auxmy yev£c$ai..., 32.4 Touxfmv... eoua£wv...diopupi^wv/ t] ET^pr) auxiov..., 76.2 eiXe 6e/ xa< xepioixidac auxric arcdoac, 80.4 xai oux av£xeTal / (o ut e tt)v ld£r|v auxnc)o p £m v...

1.1,51

9*45.2 xal av? eXeu^pa^ 6e6ouXwp£vpv/ oux av e-O-^Xotpt l6eiv...

1.29.1 (jjva dp pii) Ttva twv vdpuv,.., 32.2 (Ta pp) tic; e^^Xet, 39.2 (p aMoybev, 44.1 .. . guvTETapayp£voc/pdXXdv ti edetvo-

Xoy£eTo..., 50.1 I'knCCuv/'sbv ■&edv/pffXX6v tl .. .avaxTTlg£g-9-ai, 50.1 ...xpoeLXE/fruetv/KdvTa Tiva auwv o tl exol..., 56.1 toi5-

tolol...exegt/o Kpotooc/xoXXov tl pdXtgTa xdvwv/pg'&p, 74.3 (uat p5XX($v)tl eoxeugav..., 90.4 (et ou)tl exatoxuveTaL... ’ 2.10^2 ...peTa TaUTa/(ou t xoXX<Sv)TLya ypovov ptou<;..., 17.4

vyv^wv/avdpa xdvTa Tiva up£wv... , 27.5 mgxep eotl xoXXd te xat eu eyovTa/et Tcotgi xai, aMotPi...

Formulaic expressions (see Chapter III, and for ou tl

p.2.2.57) are indicated above by underlining, unit-formation by brackets, and colon-division by /. Among the tlc instan­

ces (this page), 1.56.1 TodTotot xtX. illustrates the increa­

sing tendency to break sentences into large numbers of sepa­ rate cola (p.1.1.40); it also illustrates how in that process the close relationship within groups of words which produces unit-formation is by the same token a potential generator of colon-divisions, for the drawing together of related words also separates them from less closely related words; in this case xoXXov tl pciXtoxa xdvwv, though a colon in this sentence, is a potential unit; notice also that colon-divisions may be ranked in a hierarchy; here, each successive division is a mere sub-division of the trailing colon left by the last, and each successive phrase is more closely related to,and less ra­ dically divided from, the verb. In IX.27.5, tobxep et teolo'l

would be a possible order, and what we find is ’type ii* colon- formation (p.1.1.31).

(7) The order verb-postpositive (with or without the pre­ sence of the other possible ’causes’).

2.9.1 (wote ppde paO-etv) utv.... 10.2 xai p ywt}/ exop$ piv..,, 13.1 pv pev to xppgTVfatov/ av£Xp ptv..., 24.3 ...xeXedetv/ p auTov/ 6iaxpag$aC ptv..., 24.5 teXeutGvtoc 6e.. ./p£<|>aC piv...,

34.2 (w<; axoX£et) ptv..., 34.3 em^dTa 6e/ gTpaTpy^eiv ptv...,

48.1 t£v pev dp/ oudev/ xpooCerd ptv, 60.1 ot te tou McyaxXd-

ouc gTagiwTat xat.../ e£e\advoug£ ptv, 70.3 tdtcSTaq de avdpa$ xptap£vou<;/ ava^etvaC ptv..., 87.1 (xat pdgao-9-aC) ptv...* 9. 22.2 xpCv ye dp pa$(5v tl<; to xotedpevov/ xa^et ptv..., 22.3

22.3 (ouxe yap xeadvxa) ptv etSov..,, 53.4 xal Exetpwvxo/xeC-\>- ovxSc 110.1 xat T) "ApriaTpLc/ xvvMvexaC ptv eyouaav, 113.2 (xat yap eaxepydv) x£ ptv..., 120.4 ... xtp^pSovxec/edS- ovx<5 ptv xaxaxpr)a$f)vat...

1.43.3 xal xdv...p6f>ov/ eai*)pr)v£ o t, 45.1 oiiiafo SS/ etxexS oi. ^9.5 ... e£axax-n$Etc/ e6wx^ ot..., 59.5 ... exovxec/ etxovxS oi.

61.1 oi) poulSpevoc.../ eptayexS ot...j 68.5 oi Se/ ex \6you xXaaxou/ exeveixavxSc ot..., 90.2 ei e£axaxav.../ vSpoc eaxC oi, 90.3 ...auxtc xapatxeSpevoc/ exetvai ot..., 91.3 (xat exaP aaxS)ot* 2«15.2 (xat “qv aup(3aX6vxt) ot pn expaivi^..., 34.2

.. .rjtaav/Swaovx^c oi xaUxa, 35.1 Sc Sd xat ExapTtrixat (...)/ xefvxejoc auvexSpeSv ot, 37.2(oxw£ e^eXedaexai)oi..., 71.3(ex tt)c xapeotfarjc} oi aixtiq^, 72.2 xat eXeye.../ (ou pSXetv} ot..., 72.2 xat oxt oi>S£v eaxC ot axoSeSeypSvov..., 94.3 ot Se/xptd- pevot xapa xwv exxppSvwv/StSouoC ol..., 110.2 ...xpT)iCet tou ESp£ou/6o$fiva£ ot...

2.1.3fSe.../eE.nuxoX'ntt^vtJv ayt axeSov xdvwv..., 2.3 wc ouSe exetvot/ ’louc x?)c ’Apyeirjc/ eSoarfv aept Sixac..., 3.2 xouc Se/xpo taxopevejuv xauxa/xpoepSpetv aept..., 24.7 epape<icA>v Se exeCvtov Sc.../ extepav^vai aept..., 36.3 Kpotaoc Se jiv-npovew ...xa exea/e\ey£ aept xcicSe* 9.6 .. .xpoae6£x°VTO* • .ri^etv/xtpwp/j aovxcc crept, 9.2 exxoSaacfSe 6 XfXeoc/eXeye apa aept..., 25.2 pexa S£/e6o£e aept..., 255.2 ec toutou Sf5.../eSo££ aept.... 52 (ec xtiv

St) cuvSxetxd) aept <xxaXXe£aaea$at; 55.1 xat 6 xfjpu£ o xG5v ’A^r,- vaC(x)v/xap iaxaxS aept..., 55.2 (xa xapeSvxa) aept xpfjypaxa, 57.3 pat ot xe apept xdv ’ Apopepapexov/xapey ivovxS aept..., 57-3 xat apa xaxaXaf36vxec/xpoaexSaxS aept..., 70.1 xpoaeX-8-dvxwv Se xC3v Aaxe6aipovCa)v/xaTeaTTf)xe£ aept..., 73.2 xSxe XSyouat.. ,/e£ir]yr|- aapSvouv ayt..., 86.1 auxixa pouXeuo|i£vouSi aept eS<5xee..., 100.1 r) Se ep'4pr)/6tnX-0>^t ay t..., 104,aXXac xe xaxri^edpevoC ayt oSouc epetfyouat, 10b.2 aSuvaxa yap , ecpaivexS aept etvat..., 117

(exet oe xoXlopxeopSvotaO aept...exeySvexo.

1.11.1 6 Se/ oi)Sev SoxSejv auxnv...exiaxaa§at..., 24.3 (oi>x Sv Sr) xeC-Oetv) auxov..., 24.7~Tu>c Sd apa xapetvat) auxouc...,

43.2 (eupdvxec,6e xai. xep taxe5vxec)auxo..., 44.2 Sc epSXaxa aup- xSpepac auxov eupot..., 46.1 et xwc SSvatxo/xp tv.. ./xaTaXapetv auxCv au£avop£vT]v xf)v SSvaptv, 52 xep Se ’Apeptdpeep/xu&Spevot auxou xt^v xe apexiqv..., 58 IleXaayCSv pdXtaxa xpoaxexwp'nxSxeov - auxep, 70.2 .. .xu&Spevot Edptot/axeXoiaxo auxov..., 73.3 waxe- Se xept xoXXou xoteSpevoc auxouc..., 74.3 (oi, Sd aupptpdaavxec auxouc..., ^5.6 xu)£ yap.. .xopeueSpevot/St^priaav av aux 6,v ; 80.5 (xat etSov) auxdc, 91.3 SeSxepa Se toiItuv/ xatopdvep auxep ex/jpxeae* 9.14 r)Sr) Se ev x^) oSep eSvxt auxep..., 5.3 xai, xaxa pev/eXeuaav auxou xtiv _{yuva'txa/xaxa Se..., 16.2 ...xov Il£panv..} yXCaaav ? iSvxa/etpSa-9-at auxov..., 17.2 TipSpi^at Sd,..uaxepov/ tJx&ov auxCv oxXtxat yiXtot, 17.4 (aXXa pa^exeu xtejauxaiv, 31.2 o xt pev rjv auxGv SuvaxSxaxov..., 34.2 ... exopSycxat/6pwv au­ xouc xexpapp£vouc/<pac;.. <, 55.1 xat ec veixea exxtypSvouc auxejuv xouc xpSxyu^, 57.1 xpoxepedvxcov Se.. ,/xaxaSS^ac auxouc.. .axo- XeCxetv auxov...

1.1.53

69.2 eGxcadvxec 6E/xaxeox6p£oav auxQv e^axoaCou^, 71.3 (o<; ydvotxo) auxSSv aptaxoc, 8^.2 ogtic p£vxot rjv auxwv 6 vne\6~

pevo^..., 85.3 xpd^etvov e<5vxa auxwv^ 86.1 xat e£atx£eiv au- xtov xou<; ppdfoavxa^, 90.2 pv pouvov/tdwvxat auxou^..., 90.2 oux,ex£ppv avppv xotauxpy/ eupsiv av a u x o u c, 90.2 $eodr te -•..avaxaXetuv/xpoexpExe auxouc..., 107.1 xat yuvatxdc; xaxdw/<pac auxov etvat, 109.2 pa$ei£ 6e xai xadxp/exdXeuose auxpv...

J_.8.2 ou y^P tfe 6ox£w/xet-&ec$aC pot Xeyovxt.... 32.5 (to etpe<5) pe, 38.2 TOV’Y&P 6f) exepov 6tecp-Oappevov/ oux etvaC pot KoylCo- pat, 35.2^ (et pev yap^uxo o6<5vxo<;) xol etxe/xeXeuxdoetv pe, 51.3 ou Y&P to auvxuxdv/<palvexaC pot epyov etvat...

1.75.6 xtor yap oxlou) xopeu6pevot/6t^8noav a v auxdv; 9.90,2 oux ETEprjv aypTjv totauxpv/Eupetv a v auxou<;.

i.19.2 (etxe 6p aupPou\euaavx<5<;) teu etxe..., 61,5 (atxtvd^ cnpt xpoat6£ax<5) xou xt* 9.17.4(a£Xa" pa&£w) x 1 p auxffiv,

17.4 xp£oaov y&p/no\,£vvx&£ xt.. .xeXeuxpoat..., 22.2(xptv ye

6p pa$t5v)xtc...

In (7) above, cases like IX.98.2 xat ou6et<; eipafvexd a<pt exavaydpevoc, where the postpositive ‘belongs* entirely to the subordinate verb, which follows and. does not precede, have been omitted. Possibly in the above cases some alternative expla­ nation for deferment is present in every case, but there are some in which it is difficult to see any apart from the word­ ing verb-postpositive; in IX.14, p6r) 6e ev x$ 06$ e<5vxt could perhaps be a unit; but this explanation seems’difficult in

1.58 IleKaoyoov pdXtaxa xpooxextuppxdxtov aux$5.

(8) Doubtful cases other than verb-postpositive.

1.45.2 et£ 6e ou od pot.. taixtoc;..,, 74.1 ev 6e xai vuxxopaxfrjv xiva exotifaavxo. 9.25.2 6 yap X&po^ e<paCvexo e&v xoXXcp exiTpdedxepdc ocpt..., 91.4 <*>c xpoetddxo^ xXeuv xt xat xodxou, 89.2 ext$dtfea$at ydp oi xdcvxa xtva otexo..., 94.1 xoc. pev xPDOTYipta xauxdt o<pt expdO'&h, 101.3 pv appwdlp ocpt... .

In (8) above, doubt concerns either the position of colon-divisions or the choice between colon-formation and unit-formation. Do xXeuv xt and xdvxa xtvd (which are For­ mulae) go with the preceding or the following words? Will etvat form a colon like exdypa(|>e 6£/xG5v xt< AeXcpffiv or join with the preceding words as a postpositive or the following as a prepositive (Dover, pp.41, 48)? On IX.94.1, on the one

hand cf. IX.101.5 p^vvot p xXpdojv ocutt] c<pi... but on the other observe the contrast with the next sentence in Herodotus, which favours category E colon-formation.

Conclusions of assessment We know from the table on p.1.1.16

x that while in Homer 16% (at the

highest estimate) of the total occurrences of postpositives examined are deferred, in Herodotus about 50% are deferred. Wherein does this increase occur? If we ignore pp unit-forma­ tion (p.1.1.45), which has not been collected from Herodotus, the Homeric material yields 104 deferred instances, Herodotus 259; if we relate this to the above-mentioned percentage, it •implies a total of over 700 occurrences in Homer, in Herodotus

about 480 (but this has not been obtained by enumeration, and the table on p.1.1.16 is not based on exactly the same assump­ tions as the above list of deferments). Now pN and MM unit- formations (pp.1.1.45-44, 47, 48) number nine each in Homer, three and four respectively in Herodotus, i.e. about the same proportion of the above-mentioned total. Unit-formations of the pM type (pp.1.1.44, 48) increase absolutely from 29 to 52; the last represents a slightly smaller proportion of the de­ ferred instances (22% as against 28%) but relative to the to­ tal occurrences an increase from about 4% to 10/11%. Un­ accompanied colon-formations (pp.1.1.44, 49) increase absolute ly from 15 to 49, an increase from 12i% to 20i% of the defer­ ments, from about 2% to about 10% of the total. Pormulaism (because of its tendency to coincide with other ’causes’) is more difficult to reckon up, but does not seem to increase.

So far then our conclusion from the assessment is that pN and MM unit-formationj remain steady as a very minor con­ stituent of occurrences, while pM unit-formation and colon- formation increase from a minor position to about 10% of the total. But the most striking difference between Homer and Herodotus lies in the numbers of the wording verb-postposit­ ive.* It is perhaps the rarest of all wordings in Homer, but

1.1.55

increases from four occurrences to 100, from 0*6% of total occurrences to 20.8%, from 4% of deferred to 42%, the largest single class.

As a consequence, the complication introduced by the ex­ istence of this wording is an unavoidable problem; it will be a greater barrier to classification of deferment in terms of unit- and colon-formation and Formulaism in Herodotus than it would in Homer, and the Attic authors are like Herodotus or even more so. Secondly, the numbers of the wording are in favour of taking it as a primary phenomenon and a ’cause’ of deferment, for the great increase in deferment between Homer and Herodotus is accompanied more than anything else by an increase in the wording verb-postpositive.

It may of course be a mere consequence of unit-formation or, more '.likely, of colon-formation, for in many individual in stances (p.1.1.51 ff.) the latter is certainly present and outnumbers the former (cf. also pp.1.1.59-40). Colon-forma­ tion could enter into the question in two ways. Perhaps the verb chances to stand initial in the trailing colon, the lead­ ing colon being definable according to Fraenkel’s categories or similar; it would then be a secondary phenomenon; but it would be necessary to observe that in Herodotus the trailing colon more often opens with a verb than in Homer, so that even so the position of the verb is important. Alternatively, there i3 an increase in the number of cola out of which a sen­ tence is built, so that ultimately single mobiles, including' the verb, may constitute cola. But even so (and this applies to both arguments), the question is, why in a sentence of M/