VI. MARCO TEORICO
6.4. ADENOMA HIPOFISARIO
6.4.6. Cuadro clínico
Currently, carbonate powders of sodium lithium and potassium are being used for the formulation of the KNNL ink. During sintering, the carbon embedded in the samples reacts with the oxygen in air, emitting CO and CO2 as a by-product of sintering. Sodium oxide, lithium oxide and
potassium oxide could be considered as an alternative to carbonate powder for a CO and CO2 free
processing route.
Although KNNL can be sintered using a photonic sintering method, the surface of the film samples is considerably porous for the process settings used. A high energy density is necessary to eliminate all the carbon from the samples. So it would be interesting to use the pulse shaping tool embedded in the PulseForge, to emit a more leveled out pulse while conserving the same energy density. A longer pulse but of the same intensity may allow the sample to fuse together evenly and fill up the voids. In short, further optimization of the pulsed photonic sintering method is recommended.
Additionally, progressively smaller nanoscale particles could be used in formulating the KNNL ink. This would lower the melting point of the film and potentially produce better quality films during sintering. It would also reduce the sintering energy demanded by the PulseForge.
It would also be interesting to explore different electrode options. Any form of liquid electrode has been ruled out in this study owing to the deliquescence of KNNL, as well as pastes, owing to the
56 difficulty in depositing them without modifying the surface of the film, and gold sputter-coating because owing to the porosity, the layer thickness deposited was not enough to be conductive. However, techniques such as aerosol-jet or nano-jet printing may allow a layer of liquid particles to be dried out prior to penetrating through the film thickness while evenly coating the samples. Otherwise, the use of a thermal evaporator might be a good alternative to sputter-coating since this equipment is able to easily deposit considerably thicker layers. Once the electrode issue is resolved, the piezoelectric constant, d33, should be measured in order to make it comparable to other studies in the literature.
57
References
1. Selvan, K. V. & Ali, M. S. M. Micro-scale energy harvesting devices : Review of methodological performances in the last decade. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 54, 1035–1047 (2016).
2. Gonzalez, J. L., Rubio, A. & Moll, F. Powered Piezoelectric Batteries to Supply Power to Wearable Electronic. Int. J. Soc. Mater. Eng. Resour. 10, 34–40 (2002).
3. Paradiso, J. A. & Starner, T. Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics. IEEE
Pervasive Comput. 4, 18–27 (2005).
4. Priya, S., Song, H., Zhou, Y., Varghese, R. & Chopra, A. A Review on Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Materials, Methods, and Circuits. Energy Harvest. Syst. 1–37 (2017). doi:10.1515/ehs-2016-0028
5. Hwang, G.-T., Byun, M., Jeong, C. K. & Lee, K. J. Flexible Piezoelectric Thin-Film Energy Harvesters and Nanosensors for Biomedical Applications. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4, 646–658 (2015).
6. Li, H., Tian, C. & Deng, Z. D. Energy harvesting from low frequency applications using piezoelectric materials. Appl. Phys. Rev. 1, 01-20 (2014).
7. Kim, H. S., Kim, J. H. & Kim, J. A review of piezoelectric energy harvesting based on vibration.
Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 12, 1129–1141 (2011).
8. Shrout, T. R. & Zhang, S. J. Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: Alternatives for PZT? J.
Electroceramics 111–124 (2007). doi:10.1007/s10832-007-9047-0
9. MarketsandMarkets. Piezoelectric Devices Market by Material (Piezoceramics, Piezopolymers, Piezocomposites, Piezocrystals), Product (Actuators, Transducers, Motors, Sensors, Generators), Application (Industrial, Automotive, Healthcare, Consumer) - Global Forecast to 2022. Available at: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/piezoelectric- devices-market-256019882.html.
10. Beeby, S. P., Tudor, M. J. & White, N. M. Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications. Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, R175–R195 (2006).
11. Wu, J., Xiao, D. & Zhu, J. Potassium − Sodium Niobate Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials : Past, Present, and Future of Phase Boundaries. Chem. Rev. 115, 2559–2595 (2015).
12. Saito, Y. et al. Lead-free piezoceramics. Nature 432, 84–87 (2004).
13. Anton, S. R. & Sodano, H. A. A review of power harvesting using piezoelectric materials (2003- 2006). Smart Mater. Struct. 16, R1–R21 (2007).
14. Takenaka, T. & Nagata, H. Current status and prospects of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J.
Eur. Ceram. Soc. 25, 2693–2700 (2005).
15. European Commission. DIRECTIVE 2011/65/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
AND OF THE COUNCIL of 8 June 2011 - ROHS. Off. J. Eur. Union 54, 88–110 (2011). 16. Yee, B. T. California Electronic Waste Recylcing Act of 2003. 1–71 (2003).
17. Api Technologies Corp. Why Should I Care About RoHS and Lead-Free Initiatives? (2018). Available at: http://apitech.com/product-classes/why-should-i-care-about-rohs-and-lead-free- initiatives. (Accessed: 30th May 2018)
18. Slaper, T. F. & Hall, T. J. The Triple Bottom Line : What Is It and How Does It Work ? Indiana
Bus. Rev. 4–8r (2011).
19. Mason, L. H. et al. Pb neurotoxicity: Neuropsychological effects of lead toxicity. Biomed Res.
Int. 2014, 1–8 (2014).
20. Khalil, N. et al. Association of Cumulative Lead and Neurocognitive Function in an Occupational Cohort. Neuropsychology 23, 10–19 (2009).
58 21. Sharma, P. & Dubey, R. S. Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian J. Plant Physiol. 17, 35–52 (2005). 22. Ladou, J. & Lovegrove, S. Export of electronics equipment waste. Int. J. Occup. Environ.
Health 14, 1–10 (2008).
23. Zhang, W. H., Wu, Y. X. & Simonnot, M. O. Soil Contamination due to E-Waste Disposal and Recycling Activities: A Review with Special Focus on China. Pedosphere 22, 434–455 (2012). 24. Robinson, B. H. E-waste: An assessment of global production and environmental impacts. Sci.
Total Environ. 408, 183–191 (2009).
25. Qin, Q.-H. Advanced Mechanics of Piezoelectricity. (Higher Education Press, Beijin and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2013).
26. Moheimani, S. O. R. & Fleming, A. J. Piezoelectric Transducers for Vibration Control and
Damping. (Springer-Verlag London, 2006). doi:10.1007/1-84628-332-9_2
27. Jaffe, B., R. Cook Jr., W., Jaffe, H. & Bernard Jaffe(Vernitron Corp. Bedford,Ohio,USA) and William R.Cook, Hans Jaffe(Gould Inc. Cleveland, Ohio, U. Piezoelectric Ceramics. 3, (1971). 28. Sun, X., Deng, J., Chen, J., Sun, C. & Xing, X. Effects of Li substitution on the structure and
ferroelectricity of (Na,K)NbO3. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 92, 3033–3036 (2009).
29. Wongsaenmai, S., Ananta, S. & Yimnirun, R. Effect of Li addition on phase formation behavior and electrical properties of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 lead free ceramics. Ceram. Int. 38, 147–152 (2012).
30. Luo, W., Hu, W. & Xiao, S. Size effect on the thermodynamic properties of silver nanoparticles.
J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 2359–2369 (2008).
31. Das, S. Pulsed Photonic Curing of Conformal Printed Electronics. (2015). 32. Piezo Systems Inc. Piezoceramic application data. 59–61 (2011).
33. APC International. Piezoelectric Constants. (2016). Available at:
https://www.americanpiezo.com/knowledge-center/piezo-theory/piezoelectric-constants.html. 34. Mayergoyz, I. D. & Bertotti, G. The Science of Hysteresis. The Science of Hysteresis 3,
(Academic Press, 2006).
35. Mensur Alkoy, E. & Berksoy, A. Effect of Cu and Li addition on the electrical properties of KNN ceramics. Proc. 2010 IEEE Int. Symp. Appl. Ferroelectr. ISAF 2010, Co-located with 10th
Eur. Conf. Appl. Polar Dielectr. ECAPD © 2010 IEEE (2010).
doi:10.1109/ISAF.2010.5712220
36. Kamyshny, A. Metal-based Inkjet Inks for Printed Electronics. Open Appl. Phys. J. 4, 19–36 (2011).
37. Hübler, A. C. et al. Fully mass printed loudspeakers on paper. Org. Electron. physics, Mater.
Appl. 13, 2290–2295 (2012).
38. Hoth, C. N., Choulis, S. A., Schilinsky, P. & Brabec, C. J. High photovoltaic performance of inkjet printed polymer:Fullerene blends. Adv. Mater. 19, 3973–3978 (2007).
39. Kim, J., Kumar, R., Bandodkar, A. J. & Wang, J. Advanced Materials for Printed Wearable Electrochemical Devices: A Review. Adv. Electron. Mater. 3, 1–15 (2017).
40. Khan, S., Lorenzelli, L. & Dahiya, R. S. Technologies for printing sensors and electronics over large flexible substrates: a review. IEEE Sens. J. 15, 3164–3185 (2015).
41. Kahn, B. E. Patterning processes for flexible electronics. Proc. IEEE 103, 497–517 (2015). 42. Horiba. What is Raman Spectroscopy? Available at: https://www.horiba.com/en_en/raman-
imaging-and-spectroscopy/.
43. Princeton Instruments. Raman Spectroscopy Basics. Available at:
http://web.pdx.edu/~larosaa/Applied_Optics_464-
564/Projects_Optics/Raman_Spectrocopy/Raman_Spectroscopy_Basics_PRINCETON- INSTRUMENTS.pdf.
59 https://kosi.com/na_en/products/raman-spectroscopy/raman-technical-resources/raman-
tutorial.php.
45. ThermoFisher Scientific. What is SEM? Scanning electron microscope technology explained. Available at: https://blog.phenom-world.com/what-is-sem.
46. Akdoğan, E. K., Kerman, K., Abazari, M. & Safari, A. Origin of high piezoelectric activity in ferroelectric (K0.44Na0.52Li0.04)−(Nb0.84Ta0.1Sb0.06)O3 ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 112908 (2008).
47. Smith, K. S. & Huyck, H. L. O. An Overview of the Abundance, Relative Mobility, Bioavailability, and Human Toxicity of Metals. Rev. Econ. Geol. Environ. Geochemistry Miner.
Depos. Volumes 6A and 6B (1999). doi:10.5382/Rev.06
48. Wilson, S. C., Lockwood, P. V., Ashley, P. M. & Tighe, M. The chemistry and behaviour of antimony in the soil environment with comparisons to arsenic: A critical review. Environ.
Pollut. 158, 1169–1181 (2010).
49. Wang, K., Li, J. F. & Zhou, J. J. High normalized strain obtained in li-modified (K,Na)NbO3 lead-free piezoceramics. Appl. Phys. Express 4, 6–9 (2011).
50. Du, H. et al. Effect of poling condition on piezoelectric properties of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3- LiNbO3lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol.
137, 175–179 (2007).
51. Wang, K. & Li, J. F. Domain engineering of lead-free Li-modified (K,Na)NbO3 polycrystals with highly enhanced piezoelectricity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 1924–1929 (2010).
52. Guo, Y., Kakimoto, K. & Ohsato, H. Phase transitional behavior and piezoelectric properties of (Na[sub 0.5]K[sub 0.5])NbO[sub 3]–LiNbO[sub 3] ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 4121 (2004). 53. Du, H. et al. Influence of sintering temperature on piezoelectric properties of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-LiNbO3lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Mater. Res. Bull. 42, 1594–1601 (2007).
54. Song, H. C. et al. Microstructure and piezoelectric properties of (1-
x)(Na\textsubscript{0.5}K\textsubscript{0.5})NbO\textsubscript{3}--
xLiNbO\textsubscript{3} ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1812–1816 (2007).
55. Du, H. et al. The microstructure and ferroelectric properties of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-LiNbO3lead- free piezoelectric ceramics. Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol. 136, 165–169 (2007).
56. Kakimoto, K. I., Akao, K., Guo, Y. & Ohsato, H. Raman scattering study of piezoelectric (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-LiNbO3ceramics. Japanese J. Appl. Physics, Part 1 Regul. Pap. Short Notes
Rev. Pap. 44, 7064–7067 (2005).
57. Wongsaenmai, S., Ananta, S. & Yimnirun, R. Effect of Li addition on phase formation behavior and electrical properties of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3lead free ceramics. Ceram. Int. 38, 147–152 (2012).
58. Du, H. et al. An approach to further improve piezoelectric properties of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3- based lead-free ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, (2007).
59. Wang, K., Li, J. F. & Liu, N. Piezoelectric properties of low-temperature sintered Li-modified (Na, K) NbO3 lead-free ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 91–94 (2008).
60. Shen, Z.-Y. et al. Phase transition and electrical properties of LiNbO3-modified K0.49Na0.51NbO3 lead-free piezoceramics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 22, 1071–1075 (2011).
61. Li, H., Shih, W. Y. & Shih, W.-H. Effect of Antimony Concentration on the Crystalline Structure, Dielectric, and Piezoelectric Properties of (Na 0.5 K 0.5 ) 0.945 Li 0.055 Nb 1?x Sb x O 3 Solid Solutions. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 3070–3072 (2007).
60 Na0.58) NbO3 -LiSbO3 lead-free ceramics. J. Appl. Phys. 102, (2007).
63. Palei, P., Sonia & Kumar, P. Dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of (1- x)[K0.5Na0.5NbO3]-x[LiSbO3] ceramics. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 73, 827–833 (2012).
64. Zang, G.-Z. et al. Perovskite (Na0.5K0.5)1−x(LiSb)xNb1−xO3 lead-free piezoceramics. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 88, 212908 (2006).
65. Lin, D., Kwok, K. W., Lam, K. H. & Chan, H. L. W. Structure and electrical properties of K0.5Na0.5NbO3–LiSbO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J. Appl. Phys. 101, 074111 (2007). 66. Li, Y.-M. et al. Microstructure, phase transition and electrical properties of LiSbO3-doped (K0.49Na0.51)NbO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 22, 1409– 1414 (2011).
67. Wu, J., Xiao, D., Wang, Y., Zhu, J. & Yu, P. Effects of K content on the dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties of 0.95(KxNa1−x)NbO3−0.05LiSbO3 lead-free ceramics. J. Appl.
Phys. 103, 024102 (2008).
68. Wu, J. et al. Piezoelectric Properties of LiSbO 3 -Modified (K 0.48 Na 0.52 )NbO 3 Lead-Free Ceramics. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46, 7375 (2007).
69. Zhao, Y., Huang, R., Liu, R., Wang, X. & Zhou, H. Enhanced dielectric and piezoelectric properties in Li/Sb-modified (Na, K)NbO3ceramics by optimizing sintering temperature.
Ceram. Int. 39, 425–429 (2013).
70. Zhang, J. L. et al. Polymorphic phase transition and excellent piezoelectric performance of (K0.55Na0.45) 0.965 Li0.035Nb0.80Ta0.20O3lead-free ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 2007– 2010 (2009).
71. Wang, Y., Damjanovic, D., Klein, N., Hollenstein, E. & Setter, N. Compositional inhomogeneity in Li- and Ta-modified (K, Na)NbO 3 ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 3485– 3489 (2007).
72. Zhao, P., Tu, R., Goto, T., Zhang, B. P. & Yang, S. Effect of Ta content on phase structure and electrical properties of piezoelectric lead-free [(Na0.535K0.480)0.942Li0.058](Nb1- xTax)O3ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91, 3440–3443 (2008).
73. Lin, D., Kwok, K. W. & Chan, H. L. W. Microstructure, phase transition, and electrical properties of (K0.5 Na0.5) 1-x Lix (Nb1-y Tay) O3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J. Appl.
Phys. 102, (2007).
74. Hollenstein, E., Davis, M., Damjanovic, D. & Setter, N. Piezoelectric properties of Li- and Ta- modified (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 182905 (2005).
75. Chang, Y., Yang, Z. P., Ma, D., Liu, Z. & Wang, Z. Phase transitional behavior, microstructure, and electrical properties in Ta-modified [(K0.458Na0.542) 0.96Li 0.04] NbO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J. Appl. Phys. 104, (2008).
76. Kim, M. S., Jeong, S. J. & Song, J. S. Microstructures and pPiezoelectric properties in the Li2O- excess 0.95(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-0.05LiTaO3 ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 3338–3340 (2007).
77. Guo, Y., Kakimoto, K. I. & Ohsato, H. (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-LiTaO3lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Mater. Lett. 59, 241–244 (2005).
78. Shen, Z. Y., Wang, K. & Li, J. F. Combined effects of Li content and sintering temperature on polymorphic phase boundary and electrical properties of Li/Ta co-doped (Na, K)NbO 3 lead- free piezoceramics. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 97, 911–917 (2009).
79. Du, J., Wang, J., Zang, G. & Yi, X. Phase transition behavior and piezoelectric properties of low-Li and high-Sb modified KNN based piezoceramics. Phys. B Condens. Matter 406, 4077– 4079 (2011).
80. Zuo, R., Fu, J. & Lv, D. Phase Transformation and Tunable Piezoelectric Properties of Lead- Free (Na 0.52 K 0.48− x Li x )(Nb 1− x − y Sb y Ta x )O 3 Sy. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 92, 283–285
61 (2009).
81. Wu, J. et al. Phase Structure and Electrical Properties of (K0.48Na0.52)(Nb0.95Ta0.05)O3- LiSbO3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91, 319–321 (2007).
82. Wu, J. et al. Effects of K∕Na ratio on the phase structure and electrical properties of (K[sub x]Na[sub 0.96−x]Li[sub 0.04])(Nb[sub 0.91]Ta[sub 0.05]Sb[sub 0.04])O[sub 3] lead-free ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 252907 (2007).
83. Pang, X., Qiu, J., Zhu, K. & Shao, B. Influence of sintering temperature on piezoelectric properties of (K 0.4425Na 0.52Li 0.0375)(Nb 0.8925Sb 0.07Ta 0.0375)O 3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 22, 1783–1787 (2011).
84. Ming, B. Q., Wang, J. F., Qi, P. & Zang, G. Z. Piezoelectric properties of (Li, Sb, Ta) modified (Na,K) NbO3 lead-free ceramics. J. Appl. Phys. 101, (2007).
85. Gao, Y. et al. Remarkably strong piezoelectricity of lead-free
(K0.45Na0.55)0.98Li0.02(Nb0.77Ta0.18Sb0.05)O3ceramic. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94, 2968– 2973 (2011).
86. Fu, J., Zuo, R., Lv, D., Liu, Y. & Wu, Y. Structure and piezoelectric properties of lead-free (Na 0.52K 0.44-x )(Nb 0.95-x Sb 0.05)O 3-xLiTaO 3 ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 21, 241–245 (2010).
87. Du, J. et al. Structural, dielectric and piezoelectric features of
(Na0.52K0.44Li0.04)Nb0.87Sb0.08Ta0.05O3ceramics. Mater. Lett. 79, 89–91 (2012).
88. Kim, M.-R. et al. Synthesis and piezoelectric properties of (1 − x)(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3– x(Ba0.95Sr0.05)TiO3 ceramics. J. Electroceramics 23, 502–505 (2009).
89. Wu, W. et al. Polymorphic phase transition-induced electrical behavior of BiCoO3-modified (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J. Alloys Compd. 509, L284–L288 (2011).
90. Lin, D., Kwok, K. W. & Chan, H. W. L. Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of (K0.5 Na0.5) Nb O3 -Ba (Zr0.05 Ti0.95) O3 lead-free ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, (2007).
91. Du, H. et al. Design and electrical properties’ investigation of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3–BiMeO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J. Appl. Phys. 104, 034104 (2008).
92. Du, H. et al. Polymorphic phase transition dependence of piezoelectric properties in (K 0.5 Na 0.5 )NbO 3 -(Bi 0.5 K 0.5 )TiO 3 lead-free ceramics. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 41, 115413 (2008). 93. Chen, Z., He, X., Yu, Y. & Hu, J. Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of (Na 0.5 K 0.5 )NbO 3
–(Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 ) 0.94 Ba 0.06 TiO 3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 48, 030204
(2009).
94. Lin, D. & Kwok, K. W. Phase transition, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of K0.5Na0.5NbO3–CaTi0.9Zr0.1O3 lead-free ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 47, 397–402 (2012). 95. Zuo, R., Lv, D., Fu, J., Liu, Y. & Li, L. Phase transition and electrical properties of lead free
(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-BiAlO3ceramics. J. Alloys Compd. 476, 836–839 (2009).
96. Zuo, R., Fang, X. & Ye, C. Phase structures and electrical properties of new lead-free (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3–(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 092904 (2007).
97. Jiang, X. P. et al. Microstructure and electrical properties of Li0.5Bi0.5TiO3-modified (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J. Alloys Compd. 493, 276–280 (2010). 98. Asbani, B. et al. Lead-free Ba0.8Ca0.2(ZrxTi1−x)O3 ceramics with large electrocaloric effect
Lead-free Ba 0.8 Ca 0.2 (Zr x Ti 12x )O 3 ceramics with large electrocaloric effect. Cit. Appl.
Phys. Lett. J. Appl. Phys 106, 42902–124101 (2015).
99. Wang, R. et al. Enhanced piezoelectricity around the tetragonal/orthorhombic morphotropic phase boundary in (Na,K)NbO3–ATiO3 solid solutions. J. Electroceramics 21, 263–266 (2008).
62 harvesting: the impact of molecular-, micro- and macro-structure. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 3091– 3128 (2017).
101. Narita, F. & Fox, M. A Review on Piezoelectric, Magnetostrictive, and Magnetoelectric Materials and Device Technologies for Energy Harvesting Applications. Adv. Eng. Mater. 20, 1–22 (2018).
102. Zhao, P., Zhang, B. & Li, J. High piezoelectric d33 coefficient in Li-modified lead-free (Na , K)NbO3 ceramics sintered at optimal temperature. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 1–3 (2008).
103. Kumari, P., Rai, R., Sharma, S., Shandilya, M. & Tiwari, A. State-of-the-art of lead free ferroelectrics: A critical review. Adv. Mater. Lett. 6, 453–484 (2015).
104. Shilpa, G. D., Sreelakshmi, K. & Ananthaprasad, M. G. PZT thin film deposition techniques, properties and its application in ultrasonic MEMS sensors: A review. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater.
Sci. Eng. 149, (2016).
105. Wu, J. Advances in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials. (Springer, 2018).
106. Zhen, Y. & Li, J. F. Normal sintering of (K,Na)NbO3-based ceramics: Influence of sintering temperature on densification, microstructure, and electrical properties. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 3669–3675 (2006).
107. Matsubara, M. et al. Processing and piezoelectric properties of lead-free (K,Na) (Nb,Ta) O3ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 88, 1190–1196 (2005).
108. Matsubara, M., Yamaguchi, T., Kikuta, K. & Hirano, S. Sinterability and Piezoelectric Properties of (K,Na) NbO3 Ceramics with Novel Sintering Aid. Japanese J. Appl. Ph 43, 7159– 7163 (2004).
109. Zuo, R., Rodel, J., Chen, R. & Li, L. Sintering and Electrical Properties of Lead-Free Na0.5K0.5NbO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 2010–2015 (2006).
110. Malic, B., Bernard, J., Holc, J., Jenko, D. & Kosec, M. Alkaline-earth doping in (K,Na)NbO3based piezoceramics. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 25, 2707–2711 (2005).
111. Oghbaei, M. & Mirzaee, O. Microwave versus conventional sintering: A review of fundamentals, advantages and applications. J. Alloys Compd. 494, 175–189 (2010).
112. Sun, J., Wang, W. & Yue, Q. Review on microwave-matter interaction fundamentals and efficient microwave-associated heating strategies. Materials (Basel). 9, (2016).
113. Feizpour, M., Barzegar Bafrooei, H., Hayati, R. & Ebadzadeh, T. Microwave-assisted synthesis and sintering of potassium sodium niobate lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Ceram. Int. 40, 871–877 (2014).
114. Swain, S., Kumar, P., Agrawal, D. K. & Sonia. Dielectric and ferroelectric study of KNN modified NBT ceramics synthesized by microwave processing technique. Ceram. Int. 39, 3205– 3210 (2013).
115. Qin, Y., Zhang, J., Yao, W., Wang, C. & Zhang, S. Domain structure of potassium-sodium niobate ceramics before and after poling. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 98, 1027–1033 (2015).
116. Ringgaard, E., Wurlitzer, T. & Wolny, W. W. Properties of lead-free piezoceramics based on alkali niobates. Ferroelectrics 319, 97–107 (2005).
117. Munir, Z. A., Anselmi-Tamburini, U. & Ohyanagi, M. The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials: A review of the spark plasma sintering method.
J. Mater. Sci. 41, 763–777 (2006).
118. Munir, Z. A., Quach, D. V. & Ohyanagi, M. Electric current activation of sintering: A review of the pulsed electric current sintering process. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94, 1–19 (2011).
119. Eriksson, M., Yan, H., Nygren, M., Reece, M. J. & Shen, Z. Low temperature consolidated lead- free ferroelectric niobate ceramics with improved electrical properties. J. Mater. Res. 25, 240– 247 (2010).
63 sodium niobate piezoelectric ceramics by spark-plasma-sintering method. Mater. Res. Bull. 39, 1709–1715 (2004).
121. Zhen, Y., Li, J. F., Wang, K., Yan, Y. & Yu, L. Spark plasma sintering of Li/Ta-modified (K,Na)NbO3lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: Post-annealing temperature effect on phase structure, electrical properties and grain growth behavior. Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater.
Adv. Technol. 176, 1110–1114 (2011).
122. Wang, K., Li, J. & Liu, N. Piezoelectric properties of low-temperature sintered Li-modified (Na, K)NbO3 lead-free ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 1–3 (2008).
123. Ouyang, J. Enhanced Piezoelectric Performance of Printed PZT Films on Low Temperature Substrates. Theses (Rochester Institute of Technology, 2017).
124. Schroder, K. A. Photonic curing explanation and application to printing copper traces on low temperature substrates. in 44th International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, IMAPS
2011 (2011).
125. Khan, S., Lorenzelli, L. & Dahiya, R. S. Technologies for printing sensors and electronics over large flexible substrates: A review. IEEE Sens. J. 15, 3164–3185 (2015).
126. Hu, G. et al. Functional inks and printing of two-dimensional materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 3265–3300 (2018).
127. Robertson, G. L. Food Packaging Principles and Practice. Food Packaging: Principles and
Practice (CRC Press, 2013). doi:10.1177/0340035206070163
128. Fu, F., Shen, B., Zhai, J., Xu, Z. & Yao, X. Electrical properties of Li doped sodium potassium niobate thick films prepared by a tape casting process. J. Alloys Compd. 509, 7130–7133 (2011). 129. Lin, D., Kwok, K. W. & Chan, H. L. W. Double hysteresis loop in Cu-doped
K0.5Na0.5NbO3lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 2005–2008 (2007). 130. Li, T. et al. Electrical properties of lead-free KNN films on SRO/STO by RF magnetron
sputtering. Ceram. Int. 40, 1195–1198 (2014).
131. Ryu, J. et al. Sintering and piezoelectric properties of KNN ceramics doped with KZT. IEEE
Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 54, 2510–2515 (2007).
132. Agusdinata, D. B., Liu, W., Eakin, H. & Romero, H. Socio-environmental impacts of lithium mineral extraction: Towards a research agenda. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, (2018).
133. Aral, H. & Vecchio-Sadus, A. Toxicity of lithium to humans and the environment-A literature review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 70, 349–356 (2008).
134. Guberman, D. E. U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook: Lead. (2015).
135. Schulz, K. J., Piatak, N. M. & Papp, J. F. Niobium and Tantalum. Crit. Miner. Resour. United
States—Economic Environ. Geol. Prospect. Futur. Supply 1802–M, 40 (2017).
136. CES 2018 EduPack. Lead, Corroding. (2019).
137. CES 2018 EduPack. Lithium, Commercial Purity, Min 99.9%. 5 (2019).
138. CES 2018 EduPack. Niobium, Commercial Purity, Type 2 (Commercial Grade). 6 (2019). 139. Smith, D. B. et al. Geochemical and mineralogical data for soils of the conterminous United