CUADRO COMPARATIVO ENTRE LA PROPUESTA DE PLAN NACIONAL DE DERECHOS HUMANOS Y EL TEXTO FINALMENTE APROBADO

When the speaker uses definite pronouns, it means that he/she believes that the listener knows which person or thing is being referred to. We identify the

following types:

(1) Personal pronouns: jeg meg min du

I me my you

Definite articles: den det de the the the

Demonstrative pronouns: denne dette den this this that Reflexive pronouns: seg sin

himself/herself his/her Reciprocal pronouns: hverandre

each other Relative pronouns: som hvilken

that which 3.3.1.1 Personal pronouns

Norwegian personal pronouns belong to first person (the speaker), second person (the listener), or third person (the mentioned). These three persons can be in the singular or in the plural. Additionally, they can have different cases. The have one subject form, one object form, and one possessive form. The subject form is used when the pronoun constitutes the subject, the possessive form to denote possession and the object form in all other cases.

(1) a. Jeg traff Henning. I met Henning b. Henning traff meg. Henning met me

c. Henning spiste opp isen min.

Henning ate up ice-cream.the my ‘Henning ate up my ice cream.’

Norwegian personal pronouns are the following:

(1) Singular:

1. jeg ‘I’ meg ‘me’ min, mitt, mine ‘my’ 2. du ‘you’ deg ‘you’ din, ditt, dine ‘your’ 3. Masc. han ‘he’ ham ‘him’ hans ‘his’ 3. Fem. hun ‘she’ henne ‘her’ hennes ‘her’ 3. Masc./Fem. den ‘it’ den ‘it’ dens ‘its’ 3. Neut. det ‘it’ det ‘it’ dets ‘its’

Plural:

1. vi ‘we’ oss ‘us’ vår, vårt, våre ‘our’

2. dere ‘you’ dere ‘you’ deres ‘your’

3. Masc./Fem./Neut. de ‘they’ dem ‘them’ deres ‘their’

Previously a more polite form of du ‘you,’ De , was used. Since the 1970s, though, du is used almost exclusively to everybody, irrespective age and status.

The pronouns han ‘he’ and hun ‘she’ only denote human beings and some animals. Things and abstract phenomena are denoted with the pronoun den or det; den ‘it’ for masculine and feminine words, det ‘it’ for neuter words. Cf. paragraph 3.1.2.2

The pronoun det is used as a subject in clauses like the ones below. (2) a. Det regner.

it rains ‘It’s raining.’

b. Det var hyggelig at du kom. it was nice that you came c. Det sitter ei katt på trappa. it sits a cat on stairs.the ‘A cat is sitting on the stairs.’

3.3.1.2 Free definite article

In Norwegian, the definite article is generally a suffix to the noun: bil.en ‘car.the,’ huset ‘house.the,’ sko-ene ‘shoes-the.’ In some cases, however, this suffix has to be complemented with an independent article, namely when an adjective, a pronoun, or a numeral precedes the noun. This article is den in singular masculine and feminine, det in singular neuter, and de in plural.

(1) bilen den hvite bilen de mange bilene car.the the white car.the the many cars.the ‘the car’ ‘the white cars’ ‘the many cars’ senga den myke senga de myke sengene bed.the the soft bed.the the soft beds.the ‘the bed’ ‘the soft bed’ ‘the soft beds’ huset det røde huset de tre husene house.the the red house.the the three houses.the ‘the house’ ‘the red house’ ‘the three houses’

See also section 2.2.3.1

3.3.1.3 Demonstrative pronouns

Norwegian has two demonstrative pronouns: denne ‘this’ and den ‘that.’ (1) a. Singular masc./fem.: Singular neut.: Plural:

this this these b. Singular masc./fem.: Singular neut.: Plural:

den det de

that that those

When preceded by a demonstrative pronoun, the Norwegian noun is in the definite form: denne mannen ‘this man,’ dette året ‘this year,’ disse årene ‘these years,’ den veien ‘that way,’ den boka ‘this book,’ det huset ‘that house,’ de husene ‘those houses.’

3.3.1.4 Reflexive pronouns

Norwegian has a 3rd person reflexive, seg ‘REFL’ and sin ‘REFL,’ which refer to the subject in a clause. The former is indeclinable, while the latter is inflected according to the number and gender of the nucleus: sin, si, sitt, sine.

(1) a. Gutten så seg i speilet. boy.the sawREFLin mirror.the ‘The boy looked in the mirror.’ b. Jenta så armen sin i speilet. girl.the saw arm.the her in mirror.the ‘The girl saw her arm in the mirror.’ c. Gutten så klokka si i speilet. boy.the saw watch.the his in mirror.the ‘The boy saw his watch in the mirror.’ d. Jentene vasket seg.

girls.the washed REFL

‘The girls washed themselves.’ e. Gutten så kneet sitt i speilet. boy.the saw knee.the his in mirror.the ‘The boy saw his knee in the mirror.’ f. Barnet har vasket seg.

child.the has washed REFL

‘The child had washed itself.’ g. Gutten så føttene sine i speilet. boy.the saw feet.the his in mirror.the ‘The boy saw his feet in the mirror.’ Many verbs demand a reflexive seg:

(2) a. Erik blandet seg i andres affærer. Erik mixed REFL in others’ business ‘Erik interfered with other people’s business.’ b. Hedda angret seg.

Hedda regretedREFL

‘Hedda was sorry.’

3.3.1.5 Reciprocal pronouns

When the subject is in the plural, and a reciprocal action or state is described, the pronoun hverandre ‘each other/one another’ or hverandres ‘each other’s’ is used: (1) a. Erik og Hedda elsker hverandre.

Erik and Hedda love each other b. Vi diskuterer ofte med hverandre. we discuss often with each other ‘We often discuss with each other.’

c. Eva og Jan låner ofte hverandres sykler. Eva and Jan borrow often each other’s bikes ‘Eva and Jan often borrow each other’s bikes.’

3.3.1.6 Relative pronouns

Norwegian relative clauses are usually initiated with the subjunction som ‘that.’ See sections 3.8.2.2 and 1.10.2. In addition, Norwegian has the relative

pronouns hvis ‘whose,’ expressing possession, and hva ‘what’ may be used when the relative clause lacks a word which can be referred to. However, this use of these pronouns is rather formal, and is rarely found in speech and informal writing.

(1) a. huset hvis eier nettopp hadde dødd house.the whose owner recently had died ‘the house whose owner had died recently’ b. Han har hva vi mangler.

he has what we lack ‘He has what we lack.’