DE LAS MEDIDAS DE PREVENCIÓN EN LAS CONSTRUCCIONES

Planted 2004 Total Acres Planted 2005 Total Acres Planted 2006 Total Acres Planted 2007 Total Acres Planted 2008 Average Acres Planted 2004 – 2008 80,968,005 80,990,086 78,765,028 92,230,017 86,705,020 83,931,631 Source: dmrkynetec, inc. 2009

Growth in Insect Traits in Corn

Above- and below-ground pests such as the corn rootworm, black cutworm, western bean cutworm, and European corn borer can destroy corn, minimizing the yield that growers can produce on each acre of their farming operation. The economic impact of these pests can be devastating. The USDA

estimates that corn rootworm causes more than $1 billion in lost revenue each year, which includes $800 million in yield loss and $200 million in treatment costs, making it the costliest pest in corn. Increased adoption of corn with insect-resistance traits that protect against a number of pests including the corn rootworm and European corn borer have greatly reduced the need to apply insecticides. Since 2004, Doane data show insect trait acres have grown from 30% of planted acres to 66% of planted acres. During the same time period, seed treatments have grown from 9% of “application acres” to 31% and soil applied treatments have declined from 30% to 10% of application acres.

Growers who plant Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn hybrids are required to implement an insect resistance management plan by planting a portion of “refuge” acres that do not have the Bt genes. Planting a refuge of non-Bt corn helps decrease the natural selection pressures that can lead to insect resistance. These refuge acres ensure that rare resistant insects that feed on insect-protected varieties of corn will mate with susceptible insects and delay the development of resistance.

Target Pests

While the growth in popularity of Bt corn has changed growers’ use of insecticides, chlorpyrifos continues to be used on corn refuge acres to control corn rootworm, Western bean cutworm, cutworm, and secondary pests. Treatment of first year corn represents about 10% of the volume of chlorpyrifos applied to corn. It is also important to ensure that post-emergence insecticide treatments like

chlorpyrifos remain available for use in the event of an insect pest outbreak.

Chlorpyrifos Use in Corn Lbs a.i. 2004 – 2008 Lb a.i. Used 2004 Lb a.i. Used 2005 Lb a.i. Used 2006 Lb a.i. Used 2007 Lb a.i. Used 2008 Average Lb a.i. Used 2004 – 2008 3,674,600 2,208,453 1,672,318 1,131,260 960,555 1,929,437 Source: dmrkynetec, inc. 2009

Chlorpyrifos Formulations, Rates, and Applications

Formulations typically used for controlling insect pests in corn are Lorsban-4E (and other 4 lb per gallon EC formulations of chlorpyrifos), Lorsban 15G (and other chlorpyrifos granular formulations), Lorsban Advanced, and Cobalt.

Location: Midwest and Northeast

• Pest: armyworm, cutworms

• Application Type: ground, air, chemigation • Application Method: broadcast

• Rate: 0.5 – 1.0 lb a.i./A (EC) • Number of Applications: 1

• Timing of Applications: preplant, at-plant, preemergence

Location: Midwest and Northeast

• Pest: grasshoppers

• Application Type: ground, air, chemigation • Application Method: post application • Rate: 0.25 – 0.5 lb a.i./A (EC) • Number of Applications: 1

• Timing of Applications: post to corn emergence

Location: Midwest

• Pest: armyworm, cutworms, aphids, rootworm adults, European corn borer, flea beetle adults, southern corn leaf beetle, webworms, western bean cutworm

• Application Type: ground, air, chemigation • Application Method: broadcast

• Rate: 0.5 – 1.0 lb a.i./A (EC) • Number of Applications: 1

• Timing of Applications: post to corn emergence

Location: Midwest and Northeast

• Pest: armyworm, cutworms, aphids, European corn borer, flea beetle adults, webworms • Application Type: ground, air, chemigation

• Application Method: broadcast • Rate: 0.5 – 1.0 lb a.i./A (EC) • Number of Applications: 1

• Timing of Applications: post to corn emergence

Location: Midwest and Northeast

• Pest: corn earworm

• Application Type: ground, air, chemigation • Application Method: broadcast

• Rate: 0.75 – 1.0 lb a.i./A (EC) • Number of Applications: 1

Location: Midwest

• Pest: rootworm larvae, lesser cornstalk borer, common stalk borer • Application Type: ground, air, chemigation

• Application Method: broadcast • Rate: 1.0 lb a.i./A (EC)

• Number of Applications: 1

• Timing of Applications: post to corn emergence

Location: Midwest and Northwest

• Pest: rootworms, cutworms, wireworm, lesser seed corn borer, billbugs • Application Type: ground

• Application Method: at plant • Rate: 1.30 lb a.i./A (granular) • Number of Applications: 1

• Timing of Applications: at planting

Location: Midwest

• Pest: European corn borer • Application Type: aerial, ground

• Application Method: broadcast or directed • Rate: 0.75 – 1.0 lb a.i./A (granular) • Number of Applications: 1

• Timing of Applications: in relation to corn growth from V9 to R1

References

1. United States Department of Agriculture (2008). Economic Research Service Corn Briefing Room.

Cotton

Overview

More than 9.3 million acres were planted with cotton in the U.S. in 2008. Nearly 85% of cotton is produced in the Southern and Plains states. In the Western states of California and Arizona, cotton is grown on more than 400,000 acres. Most of the cotton grown in California is in the San Joaquin Valley. Since 2000, losses due to insect pests in cotton nationwide have remained below 5%. This is attributed to the boll weevil eradication and widespread use of transgenic (Bt) cottons. Today, around 90% of U.S. cotton acreage had some type of transgenic technology.

According to a recent study compiled by Mike Williams, Extension Entomologist at Mississippi State University, the new number one damaging cotton pest in the U.S. is Lygus, or plant bug, with losses of 1.08%. It infested about 61% of cotton acreage. States with the highest percentage of losses include Arizona, California, Louisiana and Missouri [1].

Chlorpyrifos Use

Although chlorpyrifos usage in cotton in recent years typically represents less than 0.5% of all active ingredients used on this crop, it is an important tool in U.S. cotton production systems. The strongest fit for chlorpyrifos in cotton insect management is in the Western U.S. According to Doane data, in 2007 45,731 lb a.i. of chlorpyrifos were used to combat insect pests in cotton; in 2008, 33,191 lb a.i. of chlorpyrifos were used. In 2008, 150,000 active ingredient acres were treated with chlorpyrifos; 43% of these were in California and Arizona.

While chlorpyrifos is seldom used for pest control in cotton in the Plains and Southern states, in 2008 it was reported through Doane that chlorpyrifos was used to control thrips on 36,753 treatment acres, primarily in Alabama; and for black cutworm control on 37,840 acres, primarily in Tennessee. The CDPR reports that in 2007, 41,105 lb a.i. of chlorpyrifos were used in 385 applications to control insect pests on 46,862 acres of cotton. In California, chlorpyrifos is an important ingredient for control of cotton aphid and late season armyworm populations. Chlorpyrifos is typically applied at 0.75 lb a.i./A for control of these pests, but is rarely utilized as a stand-alone treatment.

Chlorpyrifos Use in California Cotton Lbs a.i. 2003 – 2007 Chlorpyrifos Lb a.i. 2003 Chlorpyrifos Lb a.i. 2004 Chlorpyrifos Lb a.i. 2005 Chlorpyrifos Lb a.i. 2006 Chlorpyrifos Lb a.i. 2007 Average Chlorpyrifos Lb a.i. 2003 – 2007 278,549 202,313 346,188 245,854 41,105 222,802 Source: California Department of Pesticide Regulation

California Cotton Acres Treated with Chlorpyrifos 2003 – 2007 Acres Treated 2003 Acres Treated 2004 Acres Treated 2005 Acres Treated 2006 Acres Treated 2007 Average Acres Treated 2003 – 2007 313,247 228,890 389921 256,565 46,862 247,097 Source: California Department of Pesticide Regulation

Maintaining the availability of chlorpyrifos in the cotton insecticide complex is important for viability of long-term resistance management programs.

Target Pests

The target pest most often treated with chlorpyrifos was Lygus bug. In the West, chlorpyrifos was one of the top five ingredients used to control Lygus bug, treating 37,891 active ingredient acres in 2008, according to Doane. At $3.42 per acre treated, chlorpyrifos costs 63% less than all active ingredient

($9.48) treatments for Lygus bug. Chlorpyrifos is also used to control armyworms in California. It is still used by growers for cotton aphid control, though its use has been reduced by other products introduced for this purpose.

Top Active Ingredients for Lygus Bug Control – 2008 Western Region

Active Ingredient Active Ingredient Acres 2008 FLONICAMID 96,558 OXAMYL 50,194 BIFENTHRIN 43,275 ACEPHATE 38,180 CHLORPYRIFOS 37,891 Source: dmrkynetec, inc. 2009

Chlorpyrifos Formulations, Rates, and Applications

The formulations listed for controlling insect pests in cotton include Lorsban-4E (and other 4 lbs per gallon EC formulations of chlorpyrifos), Lorsban Advanced, and Lock-On (in Arizona and California).

Location: California, Arizona

• Pests: cotton aphid, beet armyworm, yellowstriped armyworm, Lygus bug • Application Type: foliar

• Application Method: ground and air • Rate: 0.5 – 1.0 lb a.i./A

• Number of Applications: cotton aphid (3), armyworms (2), Lygus (3)

• Season of Application: aphids and armyworms – July to September; Lygus – July to August

Chemical Treatments for Insect Control in Cotton

Note: Information in the “Benefits, Application, Use and Efficacy” section reflect opinions of crop consultants, field experts, and other contributors to this report.

Active Ingredient Brand Names Benefits, Application, Use, and Efficacy

CHLORPYRIFOS

Lorsban-4E, Nufos, Yuma, Lorsban Advanced, Lock- On

Effective for Lygus and aphids

THIAMETHOXAM Centric Aphid – foliar, air & ground, very effective ACETAMIPRID Assail Aphid – foliar, air & ground, effective IMIDACLOPRID Provado Aphid – foliar, air & ground, effective FLONICAMID Carbine Lygus – foliar, air & ground, very effective INDOXACARB

Steward Armyworms – foliar, air & ground, very effective, no effect on Lygus

Non-Chemical Alternatives

Avoid late-season nitrogen applications, which are very conducive to cotton aphid population increases. Avoid planting safflower near cotton – Lygus reproduce very well in safflower.

Grower Perspective

In late 2007, the EPA asked for public comments on issues related to the agricultural use of chlorpyrifos. Following is an excerpt from a grower organization that responded to the EPA’s request for input by explaining why they considered chlorpyrifos essential for protecting their crops. Submissions to the docket are public information and have been posted by the EPA at www.regulations.gov, docket number EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-1005.

“Chlorpyrifos in cotton is used primarily against cotton aphids, and particularly late-season infestations. These infestations are potentially very damaging in terms of sticky cotton. Chlorpyrifos is a highly effective chemical and one we can ill afford to lose.” – California Cotton Ginners and Growers Association

References

1. Robinson, E. Delta Farm Press. Plant bug most damaging pest. January 23, 2009.

Grapes

Overview

The U.S. wine, grape, and grape products industries contribute more than $162 billion annually to the American economy. The U.S. grape and grape products industries are largely concentrated in

California, which accounts for virtually all table grapes and raisins, and roughly 90% of the nation's wine production, with New York and Washington State each at about 3% and the rest of the states at 4% combined, according to a 2007 study by MKF Research LLC of Napa Valley [1]. Almost all U.S. raisins are produced in California’s San Joaquin Valley. According to Doane, California dominates the grape market with 96% of the acres in 2007. Wine grapes account for 58% of the acres grown.