Decreto 3075 capítulo VIII Restaurantes y establecimientos de consumo de alimentos

Reponses   of   the   grey   mangrove  Avicennia   marina   (Forssk.)   Vierh.   to   growth   salinity  were  studied  at  scales  ranging  from  the  growth  of  whole  plants  to  the  function   of  individual  leaves.  The  results  revealed  insights  on  water  transport,  storage,  and  use   along  a  salinity  gradient.  The  key  findings  and  their  implications  for  future  research  are   discussed  below:    

Physiological   and   anatomical   analyses   were   combined   in   Chapter   2   to   identify   processes  underlying  growth  responses  of  the  mangrove  Avicennia  marina  to  salinities   ranging   from   fresh   to   seawater   conditions.   The   seedlings   failed   to   grow   in   0   to   5%   seawater,   whereas   maximal   growth   occurred   in   50   to   75%   seawater,   which,   in   physiological  terms,  indicated  that  A.  marina  is  an  obligate  halophyte.  Anatomical  data   revealed  variation  in  rates  of  development  and  composition  of  hydraulic  tissues  that   were  consistent  with  salinity-­‐dependent  patterns  in  water  use  and  growth,  including  a   structural  explanation  for  low  stomatal  conductance  and  growth  in  low  salinity.  These   results  invite  questions  about  the  generality  of  the  growth  response.    

Other   mangrove   species,   such   as   Ceriops   tagal   (Smith,   1988),   Bruguiera   parviflora,  Ceriops   australis,  C.   decandra  (Ball,   2002),  Rhizophora   mangle   (Werner   &   Stelzer,  1990),  and  Sonneratia  alba  (Ball  &  Pidsley,  1995)  ,  have  also  been  reported  to   grow  either  very  poorly  or  not  at  all  in  fresh  water.  However,  Krauss  and  Ball  (2013)   pointed  out  that  these  apparent  responses  to  freshwater  conditions  were  confounded   by  low  nutrient  concentrations.  This  issue  was  eliminated  in  the  present  study,  and  the   results   provided   strong   evidence   that   Avicennia   marina   is   an   obligate   halophyte   (Chapter  2).  It  would  be  useful  to  revisit  the  growth  of  other  mangrove  species  under   freshwater  conditions.    

In  Chapter  2,  the  absence  of  seawater  prevented  proper  development  of  xylem   conduits  of  A.  marina,  thus,  constraining  water  uptake  and  limiting  leaf  gas  exchange   and   plant   growth.   Many   possibilities   could   be   explored.   One   hypothesis   is   that  A.   marina  may  have  evolved  a  requirement  for  Na+,  in  which  Na+  partially  replaces  the  

seawater,  K+  concentrations  on  a  bulk  leaf  water  basis  fell  from  300  to  60  mM  while   Na+   increased   from   20   to   947   mM.   Under   sodium   deficiency,   if   potassium   were   to   substitute   imperfectly   for   sodium,   then   signals   for,   say,   xylem   differentiation   or   generation  of  turgor  required  for  cell  expansion  could  be  impaired.    

In   Chapter   3,   the   pressure-­‐volume   relationships   in   field   grown   leaves   of   the   mangrove,  Avicennia   marina,   exhibited   three   domains   dominated   successively   by   1)   the   presence   and   consumption   of   extracellular   water,   2)   variable   turgor   and   loss   of   intracellular   water,   and   3)   osmotic   behavior   of   flaccid   cells   and   plasmolysis.   Visualization   of   leaf   lamina   with   reference   to   the   three-­‐domain   PV   curve   revealed   a   cascade   of   water   storage   compartments   that   operated   over   different   ranges   of   hydration.   When   leaves   were   fully   hydrated,   extracellular   water   storage   occurred   in   multiple  sites,  including  hollow  trichomes  and  novel  structures  named  “cisternae”.  This   extracellular   water   in   the   leaf   could   enable   transient   water   use   without   substantive   turgor   loss   when   other   factors,   such   as   high   soil   salinity,   constrain   rates   of   water   transport.  

Is  extracellular  water  storage  a  common  feature  in  mangroves?  Leaf  morphology   is   diverse   among   mangroves.   Species   differ   in   leaf   size,   tissue   composition,   the   presence  of  trichomes  and  glands,  etc.  It  would  be  useful  to  extend  the  study  to  other   species   of   mangroves   that   differ   in   leaf   structure   and   complexity.   PV   curve   analyses   can  be  used  to  identify  and  quantify  extracellular  water  storage  in  different  species.   Further   anatomical   analyses   could   examine   the   diversity   in   the   sites   and   structures   involved  in  extracellular  water  storage  among  mangrove  species.  Finally,  there  is  much   to  be  learnt  about  how  water  is  absorbed  by  leaves,  distributed  to  storage  systems,   and  accessed  during  leaf  dehydration.    

In  Chapter  4,  leaf  turgor  loss  points  were  shown  to  correlate  with  soil  water  salinity.   Cellular  osmotic  adjustment  was  likely  to  maintain  water  supply  from  roots  under  the   most   severe   conditions.   Leaves,   however,   could   not   be   fully   hydrated   or   fully   turgid   with  only  water  supplied  from  deep  roots.    These  results  indicated  that  different  water   sources,   for   example,   surface   water   of   lower   salinity,   or   dew   and   rainfall,   play   an   important  role  in  plant  function  and  growth,  potentially  enabling  greater  duration  of   higher   stomatal   conductance   and   hence   also   assimilation   rates   when   water   supply   from  the  roots  is  constrained  by  high  soil  salinities.  It  would  be  exciting  to  expand  the  

study  to  test  the  generality  of  these  findings  among  other  mangrove  species  that  differ   in  leaf  anatomy,  salt  tolerance  and  distribution  along  salinity  gradients.  

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