CAPÍTULO 5. PRINCIPIO DE LEGALIDAD
5.1. Definición de legalidad
1101 Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics
1102 Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology
1103 Clinical Sciences
1105 Dentistry
1107 Immunology
1108 Medical Microbiology
1109 Neurosciences
1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis
1113 Ophthalmology and Optometry
1114 Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine
Public and Allied Health
1104 Complementary and Alternative Medicine
1106 Human Movement and Sports Science
1110 Nursing
1111 Nutrition and Dietetics
1117 Public Health and Health Services
Figure B-2 STEM graduates (bachelor and above) by industry of employment, 2011 16 14 10 2 6 8 12 18 0 4 Percentage of graduates Food Retailing Construction Services Agriculture Public Order, Safety and Regulatory Services Electricity Supply Food Product Manufacturing Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction Defence Administrative Services Basic Chemical Product Manufacturing Building Construction Metal Ore Mining Auxiliary Finance and Insurance Services Food and Beverage Services Telecommunications Services Hospitals Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Other Store-Based Retailing Medical and Other Health Care Services Preschool and School Education Finance Tertiary Education Public Administration Computer System Design and Related Services Professional, Scientific and Technical Services
Notes: The total number of respondents was 557 834. Professional, scientific and technical services (except computer system design and related services) and basic chemical and chemical product manufacturing industries have been abbreviated.
Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-4 STEM graduates (bachelor and above) by occupation, 2011
5 15 20 25
0 10
Percentage of graduates
Sales Assistants and Salespersons Hospitality, Retail and Service Managers Office Managers and Program Administrators Education Professionals Engineering, ICT and Science Technicians Business, HR and Marketing Professionals Specialist Managers ICT Professionals Design, Engineering, Science, Transport
Notes: The total number of respondents was 557 979. Design, engineering, science and transport professionals has been abbreviated. Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-1 Highest qualification by field and level, 2010–11
1600 800 400 200 0 600 1000 1200 1400 1800 Thousands
Certificate III to Advanced Diploma Bachelor to Graduate Diploma Postgraduate degree Natural and Physical Sciences
Information Technology Engineering and Related Technologies Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies
Notes: These population data are based on a sample of 13 366 fully responding households, which represented a response rate of 78 per cent. Data cover all persons aged 15 and above.
Source: ABS (2012c).
Figure B-3 Natural and physical science graduates (bachelor and above) by industry of employment, 2011
14 10
2 6 8 12 16
0 4
Percentage of graduates
Exploration and Other Mining Support Services Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling Administrative Services Food Retailing Other Goods Wholesaling Auxiliary Finance and Insurance Services Food Product Manufacturing Metal Ore Mining Public Order, Safety and Regulatory Services Food and Beverage Services Finance Other Store-Based Retailing Basic Chemical Manufacturing Computer System Design and Related Services Hospitals Preschool and School Education Medical and Other Health Care Services Public Administration Tertiary Education Professional, Scientific and Technical Services
Notes: The total number of respondents was 172 482. Professional, scientific and technical services (except computer system design and related services) and basic chemical and chemical product manufacturing industries have been abbreviated.
109
108
BENCHMARKING AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS appendixFigure B-5 Natural and physical science graduates (bachelor and above) by occupation, 2011
5 15 20 25
0 10
Percentage of graduates
Hospitality, Retail and Service Managers Sales Assistants and Salespersons Office Managers and Program Administrators Professionals, not further defined Health Professionals ICT Professionals Engineering, ICT and Science Technicians Business, HR and Marketing Professionals Education Professionals Specialist Managers Design, Engineering, Science, Transport
Notes: The total number of respondents was 172 574. Design, engineering, science and transport professionals has been abbreviated. Professionals not further defined refers to occupations that could not be assigned to a specific occupational category within the broader (major) category of professionals but is known to be an occupation in the professionals category.
Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-8 Engineering and related technologies graduates (bachelor and above) by industry of employment, 2011
5 15 20
0 10 25
Percentage of graduates
Basic Chemical Manufacturing Transport Support Services Finance Food Product Manufacturing Food and Beverage Services Oil and Gas Extraction Other Store-Based Retailing Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Services Primary Metal and Metal Product ManufacturingDefence Construction Services Metal Ore Mining Electricity Supply Telecommunications Services Transport Equipment Manufacturing Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling Building Construction Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction Tertiary Education Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Public Administration Computer System Design and Related Services Professional, Scientific and Technical Services
Notes: The total number of respondents was 206 545. Professional, scientific and technical services (except computer system design and related services) has been abbreviated.
Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-6 Information Technology graduates (bachelor and above) by industry of employment, 2011
5 15 20
0 10 25 30
Percentage of graduates
Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Road Transport Public Order, Safety and Regulatory Services Preschool and School Education Food Retailing Food and Beverage ServicesAdministrative Services Insurance and Superannuation Funds Other Store-Based Retailing Auxiliary Finance and Insurance Services Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling Telecommunications Services Tertiary Education Finance Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Public Administration Computer System Design and Related Services
Notes: The total number of respondents was 136 064. Professional, scientific and technical services (except computer system design and related services) has been abbreviated.
Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-7 Information Technology graduates (bachelor and above) by occupation, 2011
10 30 40
0 20 50
Percentage of graduates
Office Managers and Program Administrators Hospitality, Retail and Service Managers Engineering, ICT and Science Technicians Business, HR and Marketing Professionals Specialist Managers ICT Professionals
Notes: The total number of respondents was 135 245. Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-10 Agriculture, environmental and related studies graduates (bachelor and above) by industry of employment, 2011
5 15
0 10 20
Percentage of graduates
Basic Chemical and Chemical Product Manufacturing Food Retailing Metal Ore MiningFinance Building Cleaning, Pest Control, Support Services Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Services Food and Beverage Services Food Product Manufacturing Personal and Other Services Construction Services Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Support ServicesPublic Order, Safety and Regulatory Services Heritage Activities Basic Material Wholesaling Other Store-Based Retailing Preschool and School Education Tertiary Education Agriculture Professional, Scientific and Technical ServicesPublic Administration
Notes: The total number of respondents was 42 743. Professional, scientific and technical services (except computer system design and related services) has been abbreviated.
Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-12 Salaries of STEM graduates (bachelor and above), 2011
20 15
5
0 10 25
Percentage of STEM/non-STEM graduates
Non-STEM graduates STEM graduates Negative income Nil income $1–$10,399 $10,400–$15,599 $15,600–$20,799 $20,800–$31,199 $31,200–$41,599 $41,600–$51,999 $52,000–$64,999 $65,000–$77,999 $78,000–$103,999$104,000 or more
Notes: The total number of respondents was 697 483. Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-11 Agriculture, environmental and related studies graduates (bachelor and above) by occupation, 2011
5 15
0 10 20 25 30
Percentage of graduates
Chief Executives, General Managers and Legislators Sales Assistants and Salespersons Farm, Forestry and Garden Workers Hospitality, Retail and Service Managers Skilled Animal and Horticultural Workers Engineering, ICT and Science Technicians Office Managers and Program Administrators Education Professionals Business, HR and Marketing Professionals Farmers and Farm Managers Specialist Managers Design, Engineering, Science, Transport
Notes: The total number of respondents was 42 693. Design, engineering, science and transport professionals has been abbreviated. Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-9 Engineering and related technologies graduates (bachelor and above) by occupation, 2011
5 15 20
0 10 25 30 35 40 45
Percentage of graduates
Office Managers and Program Administrators Engineering, ICT and Science TechniciansBusiness, HR and Marketing Professionals ICT Professionals Specialist Managers Design, Engineering, Science, Transport
Notes: The total number of respondents was 207 467. The category Design, engineering, science and transport professionals has been abbreviated. Source: ABS (2011).
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112
BENCHMARKING AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS appendixFigure B-14 STEM doctorate holders by industry of employment, 2011
10 30
0 20 40
Percentage of doctorate holders
Preschool and School Education Hospitals Computer System Design and Related Services Public Administration Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Tertiary Education
Notes: The total number of respondents was 42 440. Professional, scientific and technical services (except computer system design and related services) has been abbreviated.
Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-15 STEM doctorate holders by occupation, 2011
10 30
0 20 40
Percentage of doctorate holders
Professionals not further defined Specialist Managers Education Professionals Design, Engineering, Science, Transport
Notes: The total number of respondents was 42 414. Professionals not further defined refers to occupations that could not be assigned to a specific occupational category within the broader (major) category of professionals but is known to be an occupation in the professionals category. Design, engineering, science and transport professionals has been abbreviated.
Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-16 Salaries of STEM doctorate holders, 2011
20 15
5
0 10 25 30 35 40 45
Percentage of doctorate holders
Non-STEM graduates STEM graduates
Negative incomeNil income $1–$10,399 $10,400–$15,599 $15,600–$20,799 $20,800–$31,199 $31,200–$41,599 $41,600–$51,999 $52,000–$64,999 $65,000–$77,999 $78,000–$103,999 $104,000 or more
Notes: A total 52 925 STEM and 62 194 non-STEM doctorate holders responded. Source: ABS (2011).
Figure B-13 Salaries of STEM and non-STEM graduates by field of qualification (bachelor and above), 2011
Information Technology Natural and Physical Sciences Non-STEM
Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies Engineering and Related Technologies 20 15 5 0 10 25 30 35 Percentage of graduates Negative income Nil income $1–$10,399 $10,400–$15,599 $15,600–$20,799 $20,800–$31,199 $31,200–$41,599 $41,600–$51,999 $52,000–$64,999 $65,000–$77,999 $78,000–$103,999 $104,000 or more
Notes: A total of 697 483 STEM graduates and 2 535 800 non-STEM graduates responded. Source: ABS (2011).