Definición de términos Contención del poder punitivo

“First generation” schemes

Initial round of market for watershed services schemes. Most of them are local and relatively isolated pilot schemes characterised by a “learning by doing” approach”. Most of the schemes reported in the initial Silver Bullet or Fools’ Gold? publication fall in this category “Second generation”

schemes

Schemes are slowly beginning to take into account existing experiences and lessons from other projects. Stronger emphasis is placed on the design of baseline studies, monitoring and information sharing. Many of these schemes are subsidised by donors and tend to be part of larger regional projects such as Cuencas Andinas or the Silvopastoral Project Abandoned schemes These schemes have been abandoned, either as a whole, or the

payment for environmental service component has been dropped for lack of support or leadership

Administratively determined pricing mechanisms

An authority can determine payment levels externally. In these cases, bargaining power by landowners is limited, although they can still voice their willingness to accept by choosing not to join. This potentially can send signals back to the authority to adjust their payment levels. This type of payments is mostly used in national-level strategies

Advanced proposal Proposed schemes for which baseline studies have been conducted, stakeholder negotiation meetings have been held but no payments are actually taking place yet

Direct negotiation between sellers and buyers

These mechanisms involve detailed contracts outlining best management practices, land purchase agreements and conservation easements. Direct negotiations are mostly used in situations when there are few stakeholders involved and/or capable watershed programme already exists; direct negotiation will be easier and faster. It usually involves detailed contracts setting out best management practices, or land purchase agreements. However, payments are generally part of larger projects, and they are the result of (usually) a long bargaining process

Ecosystem or environmental services

The benefits that people derive from natural ecosysems, in contrast with man-made structures that could be substitutes

Benefits can be direct as provisioning services (i.e. food and water) or regulating services (i.e. control of floods and erosion, water purification, land degradation, desiccation, soil salinisation, etc.); ; or indirect through providing supporting services for the functioning of ecosystem processes (i.e. nutrient cycling; soil creation)

Ecosystems also provide people with non-material benefits such as aesthetic pleasure, recreational opportunities, and spiritual and cultural sustenance (MEA 2005)

Internal trading Transactions within an organisation, for example intra-governmental payments

Market Markets are defined as voluntary transactions between buyers and sellers, where the price is set on the basis of supply and demand Maturity of the

scheme

The maturity of the scheme refers to its status. They could be “ongoing”, proposals, borderline schemes, abandoned, or uncertain National or local

government budget allocations.

National level projects, like the PSA in Costa Rica or the PSAH in Mexico, have annual government budgets allocated for payments for environmental services. In Costa Rica the main source is the 3.5% of collections from a 15% tax on fuels. In Mexico it is approximately US$20–30 million per year

Negotiations through intermediary.

As the number and distribution of stakeholders increase, so does the need for an intermediary. They are used to control transaction costs and risks, and are most frequently set up and run by NGOs, community organisations and government agencies. In some cases, independent trust funds are created. Intermediaries are vital in national schemes such as the PSA in Costa Rica and the PSAH in Mexico, and the final contribution from downstream users will reflect their capacity to negotiate on behalf of upstream farmers

Ongoing schemes/ initiatives

These are initiatives in which payments are being made from the users (direct and indirect), or to the suppliers, or both

Pooled transactions Pooled transactions control transaction costs by spreading risks among several buyers. They are also used to share the costs of a large transaction as often required in the watershed markets

Preliminary proposals Proposals for payment schemes which have been announced but for which there is limited information available or little background work completed

Regulatory mechanisms

Some markets for watershed services are based on externally imposed requirements, especially in developed countries where environmental regulations are stricter. Market-based strategies are used to help companies reach environmental targets while reducing costs of compliance

Retail-based trades Where payments for watershed protection are attached to existing consumer purchases, for example Salmon-Safe agricultural produce. Normally associated with certification and labelling schemes that generate consumer recognition and willingness to pay

Uncertain schemes It was not possible to obtain sufficient information proving that the scheme had been abandoned or was still ongoing. Some schemes may have evolved into another local or national programme (such as the Chinese regional schemes reported in 2002), but we have not been able to confirm this

User fees Funding of payments for watershed services through a special fee charged to domestic or agricultural water users

Watershed The term watershed refers to the geographic boundaries of a particular water body, its ecosystem and the land that drains to it. It also includes groundwater aquifers that discharge to and receive discharge from streams, wetlands, ponds and lakes. Large watersheds are sometimes referred to as river basins. It is sometimes referred to as “catchment” Watershed ecosystem

services

These are the ecosystem services provided by fresh water and the hydrologic cycle (MEA 2005). Services include:

Provisioning: water (quantity and quality) for consumptive user, water for non-consumptive user (hydroelectricity, transport), aquatic organisms for food and medicines

Regulating: maintenance of water quality (natural filtration and water treatment), buffering of flood flows, erosion control through water/land interactions and flood control infrastructure

Cultural: recreation, tourism, existence values

Supporting: role in nutrient cycling (floodplain fertility), primary production, predator/prey relationships and ecosystems resilience These services can be tracked geographically using a watershed as an analysis unit