Definición de exposiciones deterioradas y determinación de las correcciones de

H

ow does open ing theory develop? What helps a player, at the board or i n home analysis, to fi nd the correct solution to an opening problem facing him? There is no doubt that here one cannot get by without a n abil ity for improvisation, sharp combinative vision , and accurate calculation of varia­ tions. But in our opening i nvestigations another component is nearly always present and plays a very important role - logic! I should l i ke to draw your attention to several examples of the logical solving of open ing problems.

It is clear that logic does not operate i n an empty space. It is based on specific ope n i ng knowledge, and also on the typical methods and evaluations which we have mastered , and it helps to l i n k all this with the given position and as a result to work out the correct decision . The more ideas that we know, the wider the scope for logic, and the deeper and more accu rate our reason i ng becomes.

I will remind you of one of the standard methods which occu rs in the Sicilian De­ fence, in 'Scheven ingen-type' positions.

(see diagram)

It is clear that Wh ite's last move was 1 3 g4. A widely-known strategic pri nciple states: against a flank attack it is desirable to reply with a counter-blow i n the centre .

1 3 0.. d5!

Black gained an excellent position .

Note the situation which possibly existed before th is. Let us put the pawn back on e6. If here . . . d6-d5, Wh ite repl ies e4-e5, obtain ing the strong point d4 for his knight. Therefore often Black fi rst plays . . . e6-e5,

Dolmatov - Rash kovsky

47th USSR Championsh ip, M i nsk 1 979

fixing the e4-pawn , and only then strikes with . . . d6-d5. Any player who plays the Scheveningen Variation or the N ajdorf Vari­ ation must be wel l familiar with this idea:

0 0 . e6-e5! followed by 0 0 . d 6-d5!

In the following examples we will see the influence of this idea on the ta king of decisions both by Wh ite , and by Black.

Dolmatov - Lerner

Logic in the Opening

Cb

3 1

What should Wh ite play? He is intending to complete his development by Si.d2, l:ta e 1 and 'it>h 1 , obta i n i ng an active position . But for choosing the best move these considera­ tions are not enough - it is also necessary to employ the idea of 'prophylactic th inking', which we have already encou ntered many times.

Let us ask ourselves: 'What does Black want; what ways does he have of continu­ ing?' The answer is now clear to us: 1 3 .. . e5 and then . . . d6-d 5 . I s this the only possibil­ ity? Hardly - it is probable that 1 3 .. . d5 14 e5 tt:Je4 also has to be taken i nto accou nt. If Sergey Dolmatov had reasoned i n this way, he would surely h ave made the move which he h i mself recommends in h i s notes , namely 1 3 lbg3! . Then after 1 3 .. . d5 1 4 e5 the black knight ca n no longer i nvade on e4 , while if 1 3 .. . e5 there would be the excellent reply 1 4 lLlf5 .

Unfortunately, in the game Dolmatov did not think about his opponent's i ntentions.

13 'it>h 1 ?

In such positions this move i n itself is q u ite good and usefu l , but here it is u ntimely and it leaves Black with freedom to act.

1 3 . . . 1 4 lbg 3

e5! d5!

Black has succeeded i n striking at the centre and he has seized the i n itiative .

Smyslov - Hort

I nterzonal Tou rnament, Petropolis 1 973 Sicilian Defence 1 e4 2 lLlf3 3 d4 4 lbxd4 5 lbc3 6 ii.e2 7 0-0 c5 e6 cxd4 tbf6 d6 ii.e7 a6 8 f4 9 Si.e3 1 0 a4 11 Si.f3 1 2 'ife1 0-0 "ikc7 b6 Si.b7 lbbd7

What do you th i n k should be Wh ite's main plan over the next few moves? Most probably g2-g4-g5 (noth ing is g iven by 1 3 ii'g3 lbc5 1 4 e5 dxe5 1 5 fxe5 lLlfe4 ! 1 6 lbxe4 lbxe4 ) .

After t h e immed iate 1 3 g 4 ?! i t is not good to reply 1 3 .. . e5? in view of 1 4 lLlf5 (with gain of tempo) and then 1 5 g5 - there is no time for the cou nter-blow . . . d6-d 5 . It is tempti ng fi rst to attack with e4-pawn with 1 3 .. . lbc5, and only after 14 Si.f2 to conti nue 14 . . . d5 or 14 . . . e5 with an excellent game. However, Wh ite has an u nexpected tactical resou rce: 1 4 g5! lbfxe4 1 5 b4 ! , w i n n i ng a piece, the compensation for which after 1 5 .. . d5 1 6 bxc5 bxc5 1 7 lbb3 is insufficient. However, Black can simply play 1 3 .. . d5 1 4 e5 lbe4 with chances for both sides.

Vasily Vasil ievich - a n experienced , cau­ tious player - preferred to avoid unneces­ sary complications.

13 Si.f2 ! ?

Now, when t h e e4-pawn (and the e4-sq uare) are safely guarded , g2-g4-g5 is th reatened .

However, the opponent has various ways of combati ng this th reat.

For example, the non-routine move 1 3 .. . g6!? is strong. By depriving the knight of the f5- square, Black prepares 1 4 .. . e5.

1 3 .. . tt'lc5 also comes i nto consideration, again parrying g2-g4. The aggressive 1 4 b4 ? ! tt'lcd7 1 5 g4? seriously weakens the queenside - as was shown by Sergey Shipov, Black exploits this factor with the central cou nter 1 4 .. . d5! .

I n 1 979 I was analysing th is position with grandmaster Igor Platonov, and he sug­ gested the thematic, typically Sicilian move 1 3 .. . l:fe8 ! , which is now recommended i n opening books. If 1 4 g 4 , then 1 4 .. . e5! is very strong, and after 1 5 tt'lf5 - either 1 5 .. . d5! (the bishop on e7 is defended ) , or 15 . . . exf4 1 6 g5 tt'le5! (Abramov-Akopov, corr. 1 98 1 ) . I n itially I liked t h e central advance 1 4 e 5 , exploiting t h e fact that t h e rook is occupying the e8-sq uare , to wh ich the knight might retreat. For example, 1 4 .. . dxe5 1 5 fxe5 tt'ld5 16 tt'lxd5 i.xd5 17 i.xd5 exd5 1 8 e6 i.f6 1 9 exf7+ 'iitxf7 20 'ii'd 1 , and Black has a weak d5-pawn . Alas, after 1 4 .. . dxe5 1 5 fxe5 tt'lxe5! 1 6 i.xb7 I overlooked the strong intermed iate move 16 . . . tt'leg4 ! , which g ives Black the advantage.

You see that a logical a nalysis, i n which the calculation of concrete variations based on taking account of typical motifs , has enabled us to penetrate more deeply into the essence of the position and even find some new ideas (naturally, they requ i re additional checking).

Vlastimil Hort played superficially and soon came under a strong attack.

1 3 . . . l:.acB? 1 4 g4 1

Now the knight i s d riven back from f6 . Hort vacates the d7 -square for it, but as a result he needlessly merely loses time. He should have resigned h imself to retreating it to e8.

14 . . . 1 5 g5 1 6 l:.d1 tt'lc5? tt'lfd7 Th reatening 17 b4 tt'lb3 ( 1 7 . . . tt'ld 3 1 8 .l:.xd3) 1 8 tt'lde2 . The best chances of a defence were still g iven by the modest move 1 6 .. JHe8! , with the idea of meeti ng 1 7 b4 with the central counter 1 7 .. . e5! ( i n the event of 1 8 tt'lf5 the bishop on e7 is defended ) .

1 6 . . . tt'lbB?!

Black has lost the th read of the game. J u st a

few moves ago he had normal Sicilian knig hts - now where have they ended up! Using the solid ity of his centre , S myslov calmly strengthens his position and pre­ pares his pieces for an attack.

17 i.e3 tt'lc6 1 8 'i1t'g3 llfeB 1 9 i.g2 i.fB 20 l:tf2

Also a typical Sicilian move - the c2-pawn is supported .

20 . . . 'iid7?

It was essential to exchange knig hts . H ow­ ever, Wh ite would also h ave stood better after 20 . . . tt'lxd4 2 1 i.xd4 e5 22 i.e3.

21 tt'lf3!

Black is in a cramped position, and so Smyslov avoids the exchange. Besides, he

Logic in the Opening

l2J

33

has a concrete idea : h2-h4 and then the manoeuvre of the knight to g4 via h2. H ig h class play!

21 . . . ltJb4

After th is the knight immediately goes to g4.

22 ttJes 'ikc7 23 ltJg4 ltJd7 24 ..lld4 Threatening 25 ltJh6+ . 24 . . . 25 fxe5 e5 ttJxeS

If 25 .. . dxe5 26 ..lle3 with an obvious advan­ tage.

26 .l:!.df1

It was essential to exchange the terrible knight on g4. There now follows the conclud­ ing combinatio n . 2 7 ..llxe5 28 tt:lf6+ 29 tt:lxh7! dxe5 �h8 l:.e6 If 29 .. . �xh7, then 30 g6+ is decisive 30 .l:txf7 ..llc5+ 31 �h 1 .l:!.e7 32 .l:!.f8+ Black resigned .

An excel lent win by Vasily Vasil ievich . Its basis was laid in the ope n i n g , when Black did not manage to meet Wh ite's fla n k attack g2-g4 with the standard cou nter-blow in the centre.

To come to the correct decision in the above examples it was necessary to make skilful use of a well-known opening idea . But often far more subtle, less obvious details of the position have to be taken i nto accou nt. New games played in a particular variation add their arguments to the u nceasing ope n i ng debate, and it is hard to get by without studying them .

At one time the following q u iet variatio n of the Engl ish Open ing was very popular.

1 c4 2 ltJc3 3 ltJf3 4 g 3 5 ..llg 2 6 0-0 7 ltJe1 e5 ltJf6 ttJc6 ..llb4 0-0 e4

For a long time it was thought that the sharper move 7 ltJg 5 did not prom ise Wh ite a nyth i n g . H owever, the opinion changed after the world champion Ga rry Kasparov, in h i s match with Anatoly Karpov (Seville 1 987) and then agai nst Vasily lvanchuk in the 1 988 U S S R Championship, played h i s knight t o g5.

7 . . . 8 dxc3

.txc3 h6

Black usually prevents the exchange of the c 1 -bishop for his knig ht, which is adva nta­ geous to the o pponent.

9 ltJc2 .U.e8 1 0 ltJe3 d6 11 'ii'c2 aS

Black's last move is not essential (theory recommends 1 1 . . . b6), but it is qu ite popular. It was chosen by Victor Korch n o i aga i n st Ka rpov in the 6th game of their world championship match (Baguio 1 978). From

the opening Karpov did not ach ieve a ny­ th ing: 1 2 a4 �e7 1 3 lt'ld5 lt'lxd5 1 4 cxd5 lt'lb8 1 5 ii.e3 ii.f5 1 6 h3 lt'ld7 1 7 c4 b6 1 8 'ii'c3 lt'lc5 1 9 b3 'it'd? 20 '>th2 �e 7 2 1 ii.d4 f6 22 �ac1 �e8 23 ir'e3 Draw.

Games from world championship matches, even those as colourless as the one j ust examined , usually provide an impetus for the further development of opening theory. Grandmaster Wolfgang Uhlmann developed a promising plan of play for Wh ite and successfully employed it. Let us first try to decide for ourselves what should be a i med for here.

Wh ite has two bishops. But for the moment this is not yet the 'advantage of the two bishops', si nce their mobil ity is restricted . To open the position and give the bishops freedom is Wh ite's main objective. If a n exchange o f knights takes place on d5, it will then be possible to adva nce the pawn to c4 and occupy the long d iagonal with the da rk­ sq uare bishop. But what about the lig ht­ sq uare bishop? The e4-pawn , which it is ru nning up agai nst, must be removed . Karpov did not even try to solve the problem of his lig ht-square bishop. Uhlmann acted far more energetically.

Uhlmann - Osmanovic Deci n 1 979 12 ii.d2 1 3 f4! �e7 exf3

I n such positions it is dangerous not to capture on f3 - Wh ite plays f4-f5 , cramps the opponent's light-square bishop, and prepares a pawn offensive on the kingside. I n lnformator the following variation is give n : 1 3 .. . ii.d7 1 4 lt'ld5 lt'lxd5 1 5 cxd5 lt'lb8, a n d now, when t h e knight is a long way from the e5-square - 1 6 f5! . If 1 6 .. . f6 , then 1 7 ii.e3 followed by .l:!.f4 (or immed iately 1 7 l:tf4) is strong , while if Black plays 1 6 .. . e3, then 1 7 ii.c1 and l:tf3 , when the pawn will al most

certainly be lost. Wh ite has an obvious advantage. 1 4 exf3 1 5 .l:!.ae1 16 f4 ii.d7 �f8

This is the set-up for which U h l m a n n was aiming.

The bishop is pressing strongly along the h 1 -a8 diagona l . Sooner or later the knight will go to d5, and after the excha nge on d5 the second bishop will come i nto play. I n the futu re Wh ite will adva nce his kingside pawns. The opponent has no cou nterplay, as the black knig hts lack strong poi nts in the centre , and so Wh ite can play for a win without any risk.

16 . . . 1 7 'ii'd3 1 8 h3

liab8 lt'le7

In such cases Aaron N i mzowitsch used to say that Wh ite had a 'qual itative pawn majority' on the kingside. It resides i n the fact that Wh ite's pawns ca n advance, whereas Black's cannot.

18 . . . 1 9 lt'ld5

ii.c6

Of cou rse, Wh ite is not agreeable to the exchange of his lig ht-square bishop.

Logic in the Opening

lZJ

35 1 9 . . . 20 cxd5 21 l:txe1 22 b4! ttJexd5 J::txe1 .tea

A slight deviation from the plan which we have been d iscussing. I n passing Wh ite also harasses the queenside. He wants to create active possibil ities there: after the exchange on b4 to create a passed pawn and press on the backward c7-pawn .

22 . . . 23 cxb4

axb4 b5

Now a passed pawn does not result, but chronic weaknesses have been created on the c-file. 24 .tc3 .id7 25 .id4 'iii' dB 26 'i!i'c3 .:taB 27 a3 .l:tc8 28 'it>h2

There is noth ing Black can move , and in the meantime U h l m a n n consistently strength­ ens his positio n .

28 . . . l:taB 29 l:te3 l:tcB 30 .tf3 lLleB 31 'it>g2 .l:ta8 32 'ii'e1

The battery on the e-file has been correctly set up - rook i n front, queen beh i n d .

32 . . . tbf6 33 g4 lLlh7 34 .ib2 :tea 35 'ii'c3 'ii'f6 36 'ili'xf6 tLlxf6 37 g5 hxg5 38 fxg5 lLlh7 39 .l:!.e7 lLlfB

Wh ite has an overwhelming advantage. He can simply play 40 h4! , not fearing 40 . . . tbg6? (40 . . . c6 or 40 . . . c5 is more tenacious) 4 1 .l:txd7 tbxh4+ 4 2 �g3 tLlxf3 4 3 �xf3 'it>f8 o n account o f 4 4 g6 ! . Also very strong was 40 .th 5 ! ? g6 41 .tf3 ..l:!.e8 42 .if6 (or 42 .l:!.xe8 .txe8 43 .tf6) .

U hlmann preferred a spectacular, combina­ tive way to the goa l .

40 g6! tbxg6! ?

4 0 .. .f6 4 1 h 4 or 4 0 .. . .te8 4 1 gxf7+ .txf7 42 .ih5! g6 43 .tg4 (43 i.f3 ) was hopeless.

41 ..l:!.xd7 lLlh4+ 42 'it>g3 tLlxf3 43 'it>xf3 �8

Has Wh ite miscalcu l ated? His rook is trapped .

44 h4! !

N o , he has not. This modest move is the idea of the combination: the h-pawn be­ comes a queen . 44 . . . 45 .txg7 46 h5 'it>eB 'iti>xd7 llaB

And without waiti ng for his opponent's reply, Black resig ned .

Now let us suppose that you have to play this variation with Black. You already know

U h lmann's game, and you appreciate the threat of Wh ite's two bishops. Of cou rse , you have no i ntention of losing ignomini­ ously, l ike Osmanovic. What to do? Change variation? Well , if you approach th ings this way, you will never have any decent openings - i n each one problems will a rise. No, let's devise someth ing here - it is unlikely that Wh ite has a forced way to gain an advantage.

Only by clearly appreciati ng the danger will you be able to accustom you rself to the position, be imbued with its spirit, and as a result fi nd an idea which will help you . This is what Black d id in the fol lowi ng game.

Uhlmann - Popov Berl i n 1 979 1 2 �d2 1 3 f4 1 4 exf3 �e7 exf3

It appears that nothing can prevent Wh ite from carrying out his pla n . It develops very natu rally: Itae1 , f3-f4 , and at some point lt:Jd5.

14 . . . 1 5 �ae1

'ii'e5! 'ii'c5

I don't know whether Luben Popov found this idea at the board , or prepared it at

home. I n any case this u n usual m a noeuvre solves his defensive problems - the active position of the queen ensures B lack coun­ terplay. He gains time: i n order to prepare lt:Jd5, Wh ite has to remove h i s king to h 1 and play b2-b3. But what is more important is the fact that the queen controls the d 5- sq uare, and it is no longer easy for the wh ite knight simply to be placed there. If Wh ite plays f3-f4 , there is a possibil ity of excha ng­ ing knights by . . . lt:Jg4, and lt:Jd 5 will not be possible because of . . . lt:Jf2+ . 1 6 'it>h1 ii.d7 17 b3 18 'iNd3 Ite7 .l::i.ae8

In order to prepare lt:Jd 5 , Wh ite has had to place his queen on d 3 , where it comes under attack by . . . tt:Je5. Black has suc­ ceeded in doubling his rooks . If 1 9 f4 there ca n follow either 1 9 .. . lt:Jg4, or 1 9 .. . lt'le4 .

1 9 tbd5 lt'lxd5 20 cxd5

21 'ii'd4!

tbe5

The only move . 21 'i!Yc2? 'iNxd5 22 f4 'iNd 3 is bad for Wh ite .

21 . . . 22 cxd4 23 .l::i.xe7 "iVxd4 lt'ld3 .l::i.xe7

Here Wh ite already has to display accu racy: the i nvasion on e2 is th reatened . Thus in the event of 24 ..txa5? b6 and 25 .. . Ite2 Black has active play. How ca n Black be pre­ vented from activating his rook? Wh ite m u st be able to meet . . . l:!.e2 with .l::td 1 , but without al lowing a check on f2 .

24 �g1 !

If now 24 . . . .l::i.e2, then 25 .l::td 1 , when the th reat of SLf1 is very u n pleasant, and in add ition the a5-pawn is sti l l h a ng i n g .

24 . . . b6 25 Itd1 lt'lb4

Two pawns are attacked - Wh ite is forced to exchange.

Logic in the Opening

ltJ

37

26 i.xb4 27 �c1

axb4 i.c8

A roughly equal ending has been reached .

28 f4 i.a6 29 i.f3 '>t>f8 30 '>t>f2 WeB 31 a3

bxa3 32 .Ua1 'it>d8 33 �xa3 i.b7 34 h4 f5 35

h5 l:!.e8 36 i.g2 .l':.e7 37 b4 .l::te8 38 .l::!.a7 '.t>c8

39 i.f3 l:!.e7 40 .Ua1 Wd8 Draw

Now let us th i n k for U h l m a n n . 'I worked out such a good pla n , I ' m not going to g ive it u p now. I have t o fi nd a n i mprovement. ' When you know the ideas, it is easier to devise a novelty. Here it is conceived in a purely logical way.

The pattern of the position is appea l i n g , but it wou ld be good to prevent Black from playing his queen to c5. How? He can be deprived of the e5-square , by placing the pawn on f4 . This means that instead of 1 2 �d2 we should look at 1 2 f4 . It looks rather dangerous for Wh ite to play this, with his development i ncomplete and his rooks unconnected . But it should be checked . . .

Uhlmann - Plachetka

Trencianske Teplice 1 979

12 f4 exf3 1 3 exf3 'ii'e7 14 f4!

Now Wh ite only needs to play i.d2 and Mae 1 , and he reaches the very position for which he is a i m i n g . Of cou rse, he has to reckon with . . . lbe4 , but on the other hand he has the reply lLld 5 .

I will take t h i s opportu n ity t o once again emphasise an idea which we have a l ready encou ntered many times . The d eep est

moves, the best positional d ecisions, are

those which combine the implementa­

tion of your own plan with prophylaxis against the opponent 's ideas. This is the strength of the move order chosen by Uhlmann: the grandmaster does not deviate

from his main cou rse of play, and at the same time he prevents the q ueen manoeu­ vre to c5.

14 . . . 1 5 i.d2

i.d7

If now 1 5 .. . 'i!kf8 , then after 1 6 .l::!.ae1 the same position is reached as i n the Uhlmann­ Osmanovic game, where Wh ite was able to gain a clear advantage .

1 5 . . . 'it'd8

Black nevertheless wants to switch his q ueen to the g 1 -a7 d iagonal via the b8- square .

16 h3 'iib8

If now 1 7 .l:!.a e 1 , then 1 7 .. . 'iia7 1 8 �h2 'iVc5. Wh ite has a couple of extra tempi compared with the U h l m a n n-Popov game, but never­ theless Black retains cou nter-chances .

1 7 ltJd5! lLlxd5 1 8 cxd5

1 9 'it>h2

'ii'a7+

lbe7

What would you advise Wh ite to do now?

20 f5 ! was very strong. It cramps the enemy pieces and gives Wh ite the adva ntage. Unfortu nately, U h lmann played slig htly rou­ tinely.

20 .l:f.ae1 ? ! i.f5

'it'g3 is strong. 21 �a4 22 g4 23 �e3! 'it'f8 �d3

An important i ntermed iate move. I n correct was 23 l:i.f3? b5! 24 "iVd 1 .tc4 , and two pawns at d5 and a2 are under attack.

23 . . . �a6 24 .l::i.f2

Here Black should probably have played 24 . . . tt::lg6, because Wh ite wants to squeeze him with f4-f5 , and this way the knight can at least occu py the e5-sq uare .

24 . . . 25 't!Vd1 !

'ifc4? tt::lg6

Otherwise 26 f5 is very strong. But now the black bishop ends up i n a dangerous position.

26 'it'd2 !

Prepari ng to push back the black pieces : b2-b3, c3-c4 and so o n .

26 . . . tt::lh4

26 . . . a4! was more tenacious.

27 b3 'it'a6 28 c4! tt::lxg2 29 .l::'i.xg2 �e4 30 l:i.ge2 f5

3 1 f5 was threatened . But now U h lmann assails the opponent's kingside on the dark sq uares (there his g7 -point is hopelessly weak). As always occu rs i n such cases, the presence of opposite-colour bishops sharply strengthens the attack.

31 �d4 c6 32 gxf5 33 'ii'c3! 34 cxd5 35 f6 36 .txf6 Black resigned . cxd5 l:te7 l:!.ae8 gxf6

After this game the enti re variatio n was j udged to favou r Wh ite , and Black stopped playing th is way. But wrongly so! After a l l , t h e next improvement is n o t s o d ifficult to fi n d . Let us look once more at the position after 12 f4 exf3 1 3 exf3 .

The U h l ma n n-Popov game demonstrated a promising idea for Black - the switching of his queen via e5 to the g 1 -a7 diagonal. I n the U h l man n-Piachetka game Black showed that it was also possible to go there via b8.

In document Informe de Relevancia Prudencial 2020 (página 51-60)