AGREGADO CANTIDAD UNIDAD
1. Definición de los factores conocidos:
With the work in hand we explored a comparatively new field of research: the potential of organic farming for improving livelihoods of farmers in developing countries. The results have shown that smallholder organic farming systems can produce similar yields as in conventional farming after completing a transitional period of 3–4 years. This challenges the argument that conversion to organic farming is not a suitable option for developing countries as it puts food security at risk. Crop yields are – without a doubt – an important factor in farming. However, if innovation in farming is to really improve rural livelihoods, the focus needs to shift away from yields, to a broader perspective that includes sustainability of the management of the production base, economic viability of the farm operations (i.e. the relation of costs and revenues) and livelihood security. It is in these fields where organic farming offers the most promising potentials. Replacing agro-chemicals with natural means and management practices has positive impacts on soil fertility,
100 See http://www.apeda.com/organic/index.html.
101 In India, several local certification bodies are already operating (http://www.apeda.com/organic/agencies.html).
environment and human health. The lower dependency of organic farms on external inputs not only decreases production costs, thus contributing to improved incomes, but also reduces the risk of farming in a context of insecure climatic and market conditions. While this could – to some extent – also be achieved with integrated farming approaches, organic farming offers in addition the opportunity to link production with a growing market demand for environmentally and socially better products.
Organic farming seems to be a particularly suitable option for smallholders and marginal farmers, who could not benefit from adopting Green Revolution practices. Their lack of production means and capital is counterbalanced with the availability of underutilized family labour and the ability to produce inputs on the farm itself. Once production costs are reduced and incomes increase, organic farming can even help these farmers to invest in intensifying their production and opening up off-farm income sources. However, small and marginal farmers are also the ones who find conversion to organic farming most difficult, as yields and incomes usually drop in the initial years, thus putting their fragile livelihoods at risk. The challenge in utilizing the potential of organic farming for achieving development goals therefore lies in enabling poor farmers to overcome the obstacles of the conversion period so that they can benefit in the long term. Appropriate extension approaches that facilitate conversion, and mechanisms for bridging the initial income gap are thus needed. The experience of successful organic cotton initiatives in several developing countries provides ample material to study how project support could be further improved.
For successful extension, certification and marketing, organic cotton farming with smallholders requires a group approach. Only if the involved farmers develop emotional ownership for the project and an identity as a group, can free-riding be prevented and the long-term sustainability of the project be ensured. Due to its holistic approach that relates to societal dimensions of rural livelihoods, the organic farming system seems to be particularly suitable to create this identity and solidarity among farmers. The need to form strong farmer-based project entities poses a considerable challenge to utilizing organic farming in development work. At the same time – if successful – the group approach allows implementing a range of joint activities in other fields, e.g. in micro-credit, community development and off-farm income generation.
Although our research has shed some light on crucial points regarding the potential of organic farming in developing countries, it also opened up a range of new questions. In some aspects – such as water management, gender aspects and the interface between farmers and project organizers – we could only touch the surface, leaving a more in-depth investigation to other researchers. It will also be necessary to put the findings on a broader base of investigated case studies in different countries. Therefore, a lot remains to be done to fully utilize the potential of organic farming in development work.
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