Definiciones académicas sobre Hedge Funds

Figure 3- 5: Generic PhD case study process chart

Using Figure 3- 5 as the reference, the types of case studies that may be included in a case study process where the case study is a multiple case study (Gray, 2009) are as follows:

Exploratory case studies (Box 1)

Explanatory case studies (Boxes 4 and 5) Confirmatory case studies (Box 6)

The generic case study process in Figure 3- 5 is based directly on Yin (2009). Yin permits the use of the above study types where:

The exploratory case study which is a re-analysis of some of the data from the author’s 1980 study is to be used to develop the theory for the 2008-2010 case study as well as two of the buildings from the 1980 study which will be representative of the eight buildings studied and

which will be known as the exemplar buildings and will be included for further detailed comparison in the 2008-2010 case study. (Box 1)

Explanatory case studies to further explain the results of the 2008-2010 trial evacuation studies. The Explanatory case studies comprise a Delphi group86 to establish the context of the 2008-2010 case study, focus group studies to compare intrinsic characteristics87 of young and fit office workers with mature and unfit office workers and content analysis of two documents Dwyer and Flynn, 200488 and Parker-Pope, 200889) concerning the experience of people descending stairs in different contexts. (Boxes 4, 5 and 7).

Confirmatory case study known as the 2008-2010 case study which involve the selection of six buildings90, and the survey, observation, recording and analysis of trial evacuations in each of the buildings, classifying and comparing the results with those of the explanatory studies and developing findings from those. (Boxes 2, 3, 6 and 9a-9c). This confirmatory case study comprises three study cycles with minor improvements91 _{being made in the survey data collection method} concerned with the measurement of fitness (Sjostrom et al, 2005).

86 _{Delphi group process will be explained in another section based on work of Hsu and Sandford} (2007) and utilising a Nominal Meeting format because of time constraints (Graefe and

Armstrong (2011).

87 _{The focus group studies each contained a mobility test so that descent speeds of the groups} could be compared. Provided data to explain falling risk associated with the 2008-2010 trial evacuation survey respondents.

88 _{Transcribed survivor accounts of stair descent during the WTC 9/11 Incident.}

89 _{Parker-Pope (2008) of the NY Times facilitated a blog/ chat-room asking the question of} whether people in the community were generally fit enough to survive an emergency. Comments transcribed by means of content analysis.

90 _{Selection is outlined in Chapter 4 following the method used in the 1980 Study.}

91 _{Known as Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle which is commonly used in Healthcare and other similar} fields to improve the quality or reliability of a process or study (NHS, 2008)

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Because of the flexibility that is always associated with the case study method (Gray, 2009) two author based case studies were added to the third cycle of the 2008-2010 to further investigate questions associated with assisted evacuation stair descent and the dichotomy associated with wider stairs92. (Boxes 3, 6 and 8).

The development of findings occurs throughout the process as the theory developed from the Exploratory case study is compared initially with the additional preliminary results from the Explanatory case studies. (Boxes 7 and 8). Box 9a-9c is where conclusions and findings are drawn from all the studies together. It is here that a longitudinal comparison can be made between the exemplar buildings from the Exploratory case study and those from the 2008-2010 trial evacuation case study. The conclusions from the latter can also be further explained by the Explanatory case studies e.g. especially in terms of the falling risk associated with the performance of some individuals.

Analytical framework for relating context to the individual stair

descent performance outcome.

Chapter 2 describes the Root Cause Analysis Model that is used to demonstrate the level of individual performance in stair descent in the context of the associated intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This Model is used extensively in the quality co9ntrol of health and safety activities (Portwood and Reising, 2007). The derivation of the “model” or framework used to demonstrate relationships

92 _{The assisted escape case study is a field test of an evacuation chair device with a capacity of} 200Kg to test the descent speed findings of Adams and Galea (2010) and to compare the results with descent speeds in the trial evacuations of the 2008-2010 Buildings (M1-M6). The dichotomy associated with wider stairs was associated with handrail reach for persons requiring support from a handrail on each side of the stairs. The case study here was of an evacuation of a seven storey office building in Christchurch during the February 2011 earthquake.

between the contextual factors and individual descent performance or capability was based on the Functional Capacity Evaluation Model of Matheson et al (2003). RCA using the Ishikawa Chart can follow a “structured” deductive problem solving process suitable for brainstorming (Portwood and Reising, 2007). It (Figure 3-6) is therefore to be used for the following purposes:

A framework and tool for the Delphi group to identify the contextual factors for placement on the “fins” of the Ishikawa Chart and the nature of the outcome on the spine resulting from the interaction of the factors on the spine of the Chart.

A prompt for the members of the focus group where only the classifications of the contextual factors determined by the Delphi Group are noted and where the factors making up those classifications are determined by focus group participants.

A framework to summarise the results of each case study and then again to combine the results from each case study as an entity e.g. explanatory and 2008-2010 trial evacuation case study.

Figure 3-6: Ishikawa Chart as a framework

For a full explanation of the use of the framework as a FCE tool (Matheson 2003) see section 2.9 of Chapter 2.

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