Definiciones básicas para flujo multifásico

Many of the recent trends are being driven by technological advances such as digital filmmaking and mobile broadcasting. Similar to other industries, advances in technology have impacted the nature of film production by allowing filmmakers to take their productions to foreign locations. As will be discussed further, technological advances are also driving the globalization of production, making it easier for filmmakers to take their projects to distant locales.

Technology has provided filmmakers with more choices and flexibility regarding the location for principal photography during a film shoot. The impact of this new technology and the flexibility that it offers producers will likely have an effect on location production. Location shooting is now more feasible since cameras, sound and lighting equipment is much lighter. There are two countervailing forces at work that need to be resolved before any clear trend can be delineated.

In the first place, new technology will allow for the creation of so-called “virtual locations”. The improved ability for digital masking and special effects may lead to an overall reduction in location filming as filmmakers are more realistically able to portray a scene without having to be physically present. In this sense, content creation becomes less sensitive to local circumstances, as the function can be fulfilled most anywhere with the necessary technological infrastructure.

However, as a countervailing tendency, this new technology is reducing the overall cost of production and is having the net effect of luring more entrants into the film industry. Many observers see an opening of the industry in coming years spurred by technological advances. This may support the rise of regional industries which would have increasing need for on-location production.

Distribution

Technological advancements have made the film and television industry one of the most rapidly changing industries in the world. The most significant advances involve changing distribution models with new technologies such as the Internet and digital cinema. Advances have made distribution less expensive, faster, have provided more outlets, and new media has brought together multiple industries such as film and television, the Internet, and music industry.

Currently, film product that is shot on digital video is either (1) transferred to film and then shipped to theaters for theatrical exhibition on a traditional projector; or (2) transferred to DV tape and shown on a digital projector in a theater. Once digital cinema is established, the finished product can be encrypted and then sent to theaters via satellite distribution. This method significantly lowers the shipping and film print costs that are associated with standard film production.

Digital Filmmaking

Digital technology is reducing the overall cost of production and is having the net effect of luring more entrants into the film industry. The lower costs associated with digital filmmaking allow a filmmaker to inexpensively and directly edit their product without the usage of expensive editing systems such as Avid 9000. The table on the following page illustrates the differences in the process between digital and traditional filmmaking.

Many observers see a “democratization” of the industry in coming years spurred by technological advances. This may support the rise of regional industries which would have increasing need for on- location production. In many ways, this new “democratizing” technology is creating an independent production explosion that is similar to what occurred in independent film production during the late 1980s and early 1990s, that is, filmmakers began creating low-budget products (e.g., Sex, Lies and Videotape) in hopes of finding a distributor. Inevitably, only those aspiring filmmakers with business acumen and distribution connections will be able to create a viable, low-budget business model. And as previously noted, there is currently an oversupply of independent film projects seeking distribution.

Editing

In the past, film editing involved numerous hours of manual labor during which reels of film were actually cut with the consenting permission of the director, producer, and other major above-the-line players. Recent technological advances, however, allow film to be transferred to videotape, digitized, and then transmitted via the Internet to an editor who uses computer software and technology to edit a product. The internet enables digital dailies and rough cuts to be sent all over the globe. The edited version of the film product can then almost immediately be sent via the Internet back to the director for approval.

Digital technology and more powerful computers have made editing on location possible. Although Avid technology still dominates the field, Apple’s Final Cut Pro system is gaining in popularity. Current software such as Final Cut Pro and After Affects can be loaded onto laptops and enables editing to take place on the set. Producers can now view dailies in their laptops with high-quality picture and sound. The result is a faster turnaround in total production time.

Such advances in technology have had a tremendous impact on the post-production sector. The biggest technology trend affecting film post is digital acquisition which eliminates film developing and telecine. The end result is that such technology can shorten the entire production process.

Home Entertainment

During the 1930s, “filmed entertainment” referred solely to movies. In today’s expansive and complicated media environment, however, this can refer to film, broadcast television, PAY-TV and cable, video and DVD sales. Each of these media presents a different economic model. For instance, VHS and DVD sales have increased as the home entertainment market has become more accessible and less expensive. Recall in the first section of this report the increasing household penetration of home entertainment products. The vast majority of U.S. households have television and VCRs, and the number

of home theater systems, direct-to-home satellite systems, and DVD players has increased substantially over the period. The emerging dynamics of evolving home entertainment options is expected to continue to shape how content is funded, created, and delivered.

Film Festivals

Film festivals have become an important way for independent films and directors to get the attention of distributors and audiences. These festivals are held all over the U.S. (and the world). The most famous of the festivals are attended by top film distributors and others in the business. The less famous of the festivals have fewer distributors in attendance and count on audience buzz and media reviews to elevate their offerings. Increasingly, such festivals are a natural outgrowth of a developing/ developed film industry infrastructure.

Digital Vs. Film Production

Digital Film

Step Production Production

Step 1 - Film product is shot with a digital video camera which captures images on a silicon

A film camera captures images on acetate-based film.

Shooting chip and then stores them on an internal videotape.

Step 2 - Filmmaker or editor connects the camera to a computer via cable and transfers the The film is then sent to a film lab where it is exposed

Editing data to a hard disk. and processed with a telecine machine transferring

An edited version is then recorded onto tape and can be viewed on a TV and VCR. the negative to videotape. The information on the

videotape is input into a non-linear editing system such as AVID. The movie is edited digitally on this system.

Step 3 - Any re-editing can be done on a home computer system and shown on television A negative is cut according to an edit decision list

Post-Production and VCR. The finished product can be transferred back to DV tape or to film. (EDL) which indicates which pieces of the original negative will be used and in which order. Prints are then made from a negative.

Step 4 - If transferred to DV tape, the product is then shown on a digital projector in a Multiple prints are ordered and then shipped to

Distribution theater. If transferred to film, the product is then shipped to theaters. Eventually theaters. a signal can be encrypted for satellite distribution which then beams the product

to a designated theater and is shown on a digital projector. Source: Scientific American, & Economics Research Associates