A sale of CU200 attracts VAT at 15%, i.e. CU30. The gross amount is CU230. To get back to the VAT element:
CU230 x 3/23 = CU30
Interactive question 7: VAT
[Difficulty level: Exam standard]Mussel is preparing financial statements for the year ended 31 May 20X9. Included in its balance sheet as at 31 May 20X8 was a balance for VAT due from Govt. of CU15,000.
Mussel's summary income statement for the year to 31 May 20X9 is as follows.
CU'000
Revenue (net) (all standard rated) 500
Purchases (net) (all standard rated) (120)
Gross profit 380
Expenses (see note) (280)
Net profit 100
CU'000 Note:expenses
Wages and salaries (exempt of VAT) 163
Entertainment expenditure (CU40 + irrecoverable VAT CU6) 46
Other (net) (all standard rated at 15%) 70
279 Payments of CU5,000, CU15,000 and CU20,000 have been made in the year to Govt. and a repayment of CU12,000 was received.
Requirement
What is the balance for VAT in the balance sheet as at 31 May 20X9? Assume a 15% standard rate of VAT.
(Hint: Use a T account for VAT.) See Answer at the end of this chapter.
LEDGER ACCOUNTING AND DOUBLE ENTRY 4
book Cash book Payroll Purchases
day book
Receipts/Payments
Duality concept
Double entry bookkeeping
Every transaction gives rise to two equal entries: Debit = Credit Receivables ledger DR Name of account to be debited X CR Name of account to be credited X
Narrative
To record items not recorded elsewhere
Self-test
Answer the following questions.
1 Together ledger accounting and double entry A Record directly all the source documents
B Summarise the transactions listed in the books of original entry C Record all the entity’s credit transactions
D Record all the entity’s cash transactions 2 The nominal ledger
A Is the book of original entry for all transactions not recorded in other books of original entry B Summarises all transactions relating to receivables
C Summarises all transactions relating to payables D Summarises all the entity’s financial transactions 3 In a T account a debit entry would be made in the
A Left hand side B Right hand side
4 A debit entry in a T account will A Decrease an asset
B Decrease an expense C Increase a liability D Decrease capital
5 A credit entry in a T account will A Decrease an asset
B Increase an expense C Decrease a liability D Decrease capital
6 When a credit customer pays an invoice for CU115.00 including VAT at 15%, the credit entry in the VAT ledger account will be
A CU 115.00 B CU100 C CU15.00 D Nil
7 Discount received from suppliers that is recorded initially in the cash book is debited to A Trade payables
B Trade receivables C Discount received D Purchases
8 A journal does not need to contain
A The name of the ledger account to be debited B The name of the ledger account to be credited C Narrative
D The name of the book of original entry where the relevant source document is recorded 9 When petty cash is topped up the credit entry is made to
A The petty cash book B Trade receivables
LEDGER ACCOUNTING AND DOUBLE ENTRY 4
10 Individual customer accounts are kept in which ledger?
A Payables ledger B Trade receivables C Receivables ledger D Nominal ledger
Now, go back to the Learning Objectives in the Introduction. If you are satisfied that you have achieved these objectives, please tick them off.
Answers to Self-test
1 B The nominal ledger contains summaries of both cash and credit transactions (C and D). Source documents are recorded directly in books of original entry, not the nominal ledger (A)
2 D The nominal ledger contains summaries of transactions relating to both receivables and payables (B and C) as well as other transactions. Answer (A) describes the journal
3 A A credit entry is made in the right hand side 4 D Answers A, B and C all describe credit entries 5 A Answers B, C and D all describe debit entries
6 D The VAT is recorded in the VAT account when the invoice is first entered in the sales day book, not when the customer pays
7 A The double entry is debit trade payables, credit discount received (C). It has no effect on purchases (D) nor on trade receivables (B)
8 D The journal is the book of original entry. Items A, B and C are all required in a journal entry, though narrative is often omitted when the journal is routine
9 C The double entry is debit petty cash (A), credit cash at bank. Trade receivables and payables (B and D) are unaffected
10 C The receivables ledger contains the individual customer accounts. The nominal ledger (D) contains the trade receivables account (B) which is the total of all the individual customer accounts. The payables ledger contains individual suppliers accounts
LEDGER ACCOUNTING AND DOUBLE ENTRY 4
Answers to Interactive questions
Answer to Interactive question 1
(c) Payment received from a credit customer
Receivables decrease CREDIT Receivables (decrease in asset)
Cash at bank increases DEBIT Cash at bank (increase in asset) (d) Sell books for cash
Income increases CREDIT Sales (increase in income)
Cash at bank increases DEBIT Cash at bank (increase in asset)
Answer to Interactive question 2
CU CU
(a) DEBIT Machine account (non-current asset) 8,000
CREDIT Trade payables 8,000
(b) DEBIT Purchases account 500
CREDIT Trade payables 500
(c) DEBIT Trade receivables 1,200
CREDIT Sales 1,200
(d) DEBIT Trade payables 300
CREDIT Cash at bank 300
(e) DEBIT Cash at bank 180
CREDIT Trade receivables 180
(f) DEBIT Wages account 4,000
CREDIT Cash at bank 4,000
(g) DEBIT Rent account 700
CREDIT Trade payables 700
(h) DEBIT Trade payables 700
CREDIT Cash at bank 700
(i) DEBIT Insurance expense 90
CREDIT Cash at bank 90
Answer to Interactive question 3
In this answer we have calculated the balancing figure on the cash at bank account. We shall come back to this in Chapter 5. For now, just make sure that you completed all the necessary steps correctly.
CASH AT BANK
CU CU
Capital (A) 7,000 Rent (B) 3,500
Bank loan (D) 1,000 Shop fittings (E) 2,000
Sales (F) 10,000 Trade payables (H) 4,950
Trade receivables (I) 2,480 Bank loan interest (J) 100
Other expenses (K) 1,900
Drawings (L) 1,500
13,950 Balancing figure (the amount of cash
CAPITAL (RON KNUCKLE)
CU CU
Cash at bank (A) 7,000
BANK LOAN
CU CU
Cash at bank (D) 1,000
PURCHASES
CU CU
Trade payables (C) 5,000
TRADE PAYABLES
CU CU
Cash at bank (H) 4,950 Purchases (C) 5,000
Discount received (H) 50
5,000 5,000
RENT
CU CU
Cash at bank (B) 3,500
SHOP FITTINGS
CU CU
Cash at bank (E) 2,000
SALES
CU CU
Cash at bank (F) 10,000
Trade receivables (G) 2,500
TRADE RECEIVABLES
CU CU
Sales (G) 2,500 Cash at bank (I) 2,480
Discount allowed (I) 20
2,500 2,500
DISCOUNT RECEIVED
CU CU
Trade payables (H) 50
DISCOUNT ALLOWED
LEDGER ACCOUNTING AND DOUBLE ENTRY 4
Cash at bank (K) 1,900
DRAWINGS ACCOUNT
CU CU
Cash at bank (L) 1,500
(a) If you want to make sure that this solution is complete, you should go through the transactions A to L and tick off each of them twice in the ledger accounts, once as a debit and once as a credit. When you have finished, all transactions in the 'T' account should be ticked, with only totals and the balancing figure in the cash at bank account left over.
(b) In fact, there is an easier way to check that the solution to this sort of problem does 'balance' properly, which we will see in Chapter 5.
(c) On asset, capital and liability accounts, the debit or credit balance represents the amount of the asset, capital or liability outstanding at the period end. For example, on the cash at bank account, debits exceed credits by CU6,530 and so there is a balance on the credit side carried down to be a debit balance of cash in hand of CU6,530. On the capital account, there is a credit balance of CU7,000 and so the business owes Ron CU7,000.
(d) The balances on the revenue and expense accounts represent the total of each revenue or expense for the period. For example, sales revenue for the period totals CU12,500.
Answer to Interactive question 4
CU71.26. This is the total amount of cash that has been used.
Answer to Interactive question 5
(a) CU200 (CU200 10 10%) (b) CU90 (CU200 10 90% 5%)
Answer to Interactive question 6
SEESAW TIMBER MERCHANTS INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 20X6
CU CU
Sales (150,000 + 34,000) 184,000
Purchases (120,000 – 4,000) (116,000)
Gross profit 68,000
Discounts received 1,500
Expenses
Distribution costs 32,000
Administrative expenses including discount allowed (40,000 + 8,000) 48,000