DERECHO COMPARADO DE LOS DERECHOS AL HONOR, BUEN

Example 1: Warranties

A manufacturer gives warranties at the time of sale to purchasers of its product. Under the terms of the contract for sale, the manufacturer undertakes to make good, by repair or replacement, manufacturing defects that become apparent within three years from the date of sale. Based on past experience, it is probable (i.e. more likely than not) that there will be some claims under the warranties.

Present obligation as a result of a pastobligating event: The obligating event is the sale of the product

with a warranty, which gives rise to a legal obligation.

An outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement: Probable for the warranties as a

whole.

Conclusion: A provision is recognised for the best estimate of the costs of making good under the

warranty products sold before the balance sheet date.

Example 2: Legal Requirement to Fit Smoke Filters

Under new legislation, an entity is required to install smoke filters in its factories by 30 June 20X2. The entity has not fitted the smoke filters.

(a) At the balance sheet date of 31 December 20X1

Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event: There is no obligation because there is

no obligating event either for the costs of fitting smoke filters or for fines under the legislation.

Conclusion: No provision is recognised for the cost of fitting the smoke filters.

(b) At the balance sheet date of 31 December 20X2

Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event: There is still no obligation for the costs

of fitting smoke filters because no obligating event has occurred (the fitting of the filters). However, an obligation might arise to pay fines or penalties under the legislation because the obligating event has occurred (the non-compliant operation of the factory).

An outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement: The likelihood of incurring

fines and penalties for non-compliant operation depends on the details of the legislation and the stringency of the enforcement regime.

Conclusion: No provision is recognised for the costs of fitting smoke filters. However, a

provision is recognised for the best estimate of any fines and penalties that are more likely than not to be imposed.

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Example 3: A Court Case

After a wedding in 20X0, 10 people died, possibly as a result of food poisoning from products sold by the entity. Legal proceedings are underway seeking damages from the entity, but it disputes its liability. Up to the date of approval of the financial statements for the year to 31 December 20X0 for issue, the entity’s lawyers advise that it is probable that the entity will not be found liable. However, when the entity prepares the financial statements for the year ending 31 December 20X1, its lawyers advise that, because of new developments in the case, it is probable that the entity will be found liable.

(a) At the balance sheet date of 31 December 20X0

Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event: On the basis of the evidence available

when the financial statements were approved, there is no obligation as a result of past events.

Conclusion: No provision is recognised. The matter is disclosed as a contingent liability unless

the probability of any outflow is regarded as remote.

(b) At the balance sheet date of 31 December 20X1

Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event: On the basis of the evidence available,

there is a present obligation.

An outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement: Probable.

Conclusion: A provision is recognised for the best estimate of the amount required to settle the

obligation.

Example 4: Refurbishment Costs – No Legislative Requirement

A furnace has a lining that needs to be replaced every five years for technical reasons. At the balance sheet date, the lining has been in use for three years.

Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event: There is no present obligation.

Conclusion: No provision is recognised.

The cost of replacing the lining is not recognised because, at the balance sheet date, no obligation to replace the lining exists independently of the company’s future actions; even the intention to incur the expenditure depends on the company deciding to continue operating the furnace or to replace the lining. Instead of a provision being recognised, the depreciation of the lining takes into account its consumption (i.e. it is depreciated over five years). The relining costs then incurred are capitalised, with the consumption of each new lining shown by depreciation over the subsequent five years.

Example 5: Long Service Payments

Under the Employment Ordinance, an entity is required to make long service payments to its employees upon the termination of their employment or retirement when the employee fulfils certain conditions and the termination meets the required circumstances. However, where an employee is simultaneously entitled to a long service payment and to a retirement scheme payment, the amount of the long service payment may be reduced by certain benefits arising from the retirement scheme. Based on the entity’s past experience and the directors’ knowledge of the business and work force, it is probable that the entity will have to make long service payments to some employees on termination of their employment or retirement.

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Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event: The obligating event is the employment of its

work force which gives rise to a legal obligation.

An outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement: Probable.

Conclusion: A provision is recognised for the best estimate of the long service payments that are

required to be made to the employees of the entity in respect of their services to date less any amounts that would be expected to be met out of the entity’s retirement scheme.

Example 6: Building Management Ordinance

The Building Management Ordinance section 20(2) suggests the (Owners) Corporation to consider establishing a contingency fund to provide for any expenditure of an unexpected or urgent nature. In line with the above, a Maintenance and Repair Fund is normally established by a property management company in order to provide funds for the estimated cost of anticipated maintenance, redecoration and repair works that will be undertaken in the foreseeable future on the premises. Should a provision for such repairs and maintenance be recognised in the financial statements?

Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event: There is no present obligation.

Conclusion: No provision is recognised.

However, the SME-FRS neither encourages nor prohibits the segregation of funds to meet future obligations as suggested by the Building Management Ordinance.