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A typical hydrogen storage system in 2030 will likely use a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer for production. To further the end goal of reducing greenhouse gas

emissions, the electrolyzer should be powered by renewable energy, and PEM electrolyzers have the quick response ties that can deal with fluctuating generation from renewables. The hydrogen will be compressed and stored in tanks. Compression is the simplest way to store hydrogen, and it is far less energy intensive than liquefying hydrogen. Additionally, the hydrogen coming out of a PEM electrolyzer is already somewhat pressurized, making compression an ideal fit. To

convert the hydrogen back into electricity, the storage system will use a Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell. Despite greater cost, the quick start up and low operating temperature of PEM fuel cells make them ideal for the energy storage market. One of the biggest benefits of using energy storage instead of peaker plants is the quick response time of storage. A PEM fuel cell can offer this benefit. While PEM fuel cells require pure hydrogen, a PEM electrolyzer makes ultra-high purity hydrogen. This makes PEM electrolyzers and PEM fuel cells an ideal match. Finally, the electrolyzer, storage, and fuel cell should all be co-located to minimize the losses that would occur during transportation.

It is projected that energy storage has the ability to provide 10 GW of the 20 GW of additional peaking capacity needed between now and 2030 (EnergyWatch, 2018). This projected 10 GW of peaking capacity will likely consist of several different types of storage to provide various services to the grid. However, the specific need for hydrogen energy storage will grow significantly over the next decade, in large part due to the aggressive renewable energy goals that some states are pursuing. Hydrogen technology can offer both seasonal energy storage and peaking capacity to utilities, which will help with the integration of large amounts of variable

renewable generation. Hydrogen storage systems are better suited than other types of storage because, similar to natural gas plants, their runtime is only dependent on the amount of gas available. Furthermore, hydrogen systems have fast response times for both the production of hydrogen by an electrolyzer and the production of electricity from a fuel cell. This means that hydrogen can easily be paired with variable renewable sources. Finally, hydrogen can be

produced with zero emissions, while storage methods such as synthetic natural gas emit harmful criteria pollutants. In 2030, there will be about 5 GW of hydrogen energy storage in the United States. Despite higher costs, hydrogen storage systems provide several unique benefits to utilities, and will be an integral part in a more sustainable future.

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