DESARROLLO DE LOS PASOS PARA LOGRAR UN PRODUCTO

Family influence has a stronger correlation with the ought to L2 self than with the ideal L2 self. Regression analysis also supports this result, and family influence appears as the second most important predictor for the ought to L2 self, after instrumentality prevention.

As the results suggest, family influence has more association with the ought to L2 self than the ideal L2 self, but the results also suggest that family influence is

160

associated with the ideal L2 self of the participants. The results here also suggest that Higgins’s (1987) own and other standpoints, which differ from the ideal L2 self as own and ought to L2 self as other in the L2MSS, overlap in terms of family influence, as in instrumentality promotion and instrumentality prevention (see section 6.4). This could mean that the participants might internalise the expectations or pressures of their families, making them their own. This result can also be exemplified by the self determination theory example presented in section 6.4 (see section 6.4 for details). The similar results found by Lanvers (2016) for the ought to self also support this idea; however, I should also mention that, in the study, family influence belongs to the ought to L2 self rather than the ideal L2 self, but the standpoints own and other overlap in relation to the ideal L2 selves and the ought to of the participants, as in family influence.

The results agree with Dörnyei (2009) that the ought to L2 self is closely concerned with family expectations and pressures. However, as the results indicate, the study contradicts the L2MSS on the importance of milieu to the ought to L2 self, because neither in the correlation analysis nor in the regression analysis are there any significant results connecting the ought to L2 self and milieu. This finding might suggest that, for Turkish participants, family expectations are important, but the expectations of others and social pressures may not be significant. In addition to this, milieu has a negative correlation with the ideal L2 self. This result could suggest that milieu reduces the possibility of improving the future visions of the participants.

Taguchi et al. (2009) found that, in China, Japan and Iran, family influence has a relation with the ought to L2 self. Kormos and Csizer (2009), in a Hungarian context, Kim (2009), in a Korean context, Kormos et al. (2011), in a South

161

American context, Csizer and Lukacs (2009), in a Hungarian context, and Magid (2011), in a Chinese context, (see section 3.13.4 for details) all find that family as an external regulator has a relationship with the ought to L2 self, and it is important for language learners’ motivation. These parallel results in different contexts and the results of this study contribute to the discussion that family expectations and family pressures are related to the ought to L2 self, and might have an association with the L2 motivation of the participants, as proposed in the L2MSS. However, societal expectations or pressures, defined as milieu, may not have an association with the participants’ L2 motivation, and may not have any relationship with the ought to L2 self as an external regulator for participants.

Kim (2009) finds, in a Korean context, that societal demands on the ought to L2 self are important for Korean learners. This result is parallel with other studies done in Asian contexts, where learners learn a language in order to avoid unfavourable consequences from society and family. In a Turkish context, as the results suggest, family is the only variable that associates learners’ L2 motivation. This might be due to the geographical position of Turkey, which is in both Europe and Asia. In European culture, people live more independently from the family and society, but in Asian culture, people live more interdependently with the family and society. Therefore, the participants may feel both dependent upon the family in language learning, in their ought to L2 self, but at the same time feel independent from societal pressures and expectations. However, the small correlation of family influence with the intended learning efforts also supports the questioning of the effectiveness of the ought to L2 self component, which relates to family expectations and family pressures.

162

Based on the discussion in this section on the relationship between family influence, milieu, the ideal L2 self, the ought to L2 self and attitudes toward learning English, I would like to present this model:

Figure 14: The model that the study proposes for the relationship between family influence, milieu, the ideal L2 self and the ought to L2 self

Ideal L2 self Own and other Ought to L2 self Family influence

As discussed above, in a Turkish context family influence has more association with the ought to L2 self rather than the ideal L2 self, as proposed in the L2MSS. However, in contrast to the L2MSS, milieu does not have any association with the ought to L2 self of the participants as an external regulator. Therefore, the presented model does not include milieu. As the ideal L2 self stands as the own standpoint, which means the own future visions of the participants rather than any other intervention (such as the expectations of family and society), the study finds that family influence also contributes to the ideal L2 self of the participants. Therefore, the own and other standpoints in the L2MSS overlap, and they can contribute to one another, in a Turkish context.

6.6 Are the ideal L2 self and instrumentality promotion related to study and